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. 2021 Jul 15;12:725–743. doi: 10.3762/bjnano.12.57

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Copyright © 2021, Büscher and Gorb

This is an Open Access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). Please note that the reuse, redistribution and reproduction in particular requires that the author(s) and source are credited and that individual graphics may be subject to special legal provisions.

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Attachment systems of animals. (A) Schematic representation of hairy (a, b) and smooth (c, d) attachment pads. Both systems provide adjustment to the surface profile of smooth (a, c) and corrugated (b, d) substrates. (B) Examples of smooth and hairy adhesive systems. (a) Smooth arolia (Ar) and euplantulae (Eu) in stick insects. (b) Smooth toe pads in frogs. (c) Hairy pulvilli in flies. (d) Hairy toe pads in geckos. Colours correspond to the type of attachment pad (cyan = hairy; orange = smooth). Figure 2A and the tarsus drawings in 2Ba and 2Bc were adapted with permission from [1], R. G. Beutel et al., “Ultrastructure of attachment specializations of hexapods (Arthropoda): evolutionary patterns inferred from a revised ordinal phylogeny”, J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res., with permission from John Wiley and Sons. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0.