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. 2021 Jul 15;12:725–743. doi: 10.3762/bjnano.12.57

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Convergent evolution of an asymmetry of micro- and nanostructural features (scheme is given in the inset) in animal attachment pads, leading to functional anisotropy upon contact. Longitudinal sections of pads are visualised in SEM (A,B,D) and in light microscope (C). (A,B) Tokay Gekko gecko (hairy pad). (C) Fly Calliphora vicina (hairy pad). (D) Bush cricket Tettigonia viridissima (smooth pad). The arrows indicate distal directions in all pads. Figure 7A–C is from [241] and was adapted by permission from Springer Nature from “Biological fibrillar adhesives: functional principles and biomimetic applications. In: Handbook of Adhesion Technology” by S. N. Gorb, Copyright 2011 Springer Nature. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. Figure 7D was adapted from [129] with permission from The Royal Society (U.K.), from Proc. R. Soc. B, S. N. Gorb, vol. 267, issue 1449, Copyright 2000; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0.