Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Participantsa.
| Characteristic | Non–coffee drinker (n = 83 228) | Daily coffee intake | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <2 Cups per day (n = 105 187) | ≥2 Cups per day (n = 195 555) | P value | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 55.2 (8.2) | 56.7 (8.1) | 56.5 (8.0) | <.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 47 115 (57) | 57 435 (55) | 96 705 (49) | <.001 |
| Male | 36 113 (43) | 47 752 45) | 98 850 (51) | |
| White | 75 702 (91) | 99 275 (94) | 190 244 (97) | <.001 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 27.4 (4.9) | 26.9 (4.6) | 27.4 (4.6) | <.001 |
| Educational level | ||||
| Middle school graduate | 27 653 (33) | 35 072 (33) | 64 445 (33) | <.001 |
| High school graduate | 11 344 (14) | 11 400 (11) | 22 489 (12) | |
| College degree | 24 518 (29) | 38 553 (37) | 72 455 (37) | |
| Other professional | 4172 (5) | 5352 (5) | 10 091 (5) | |
| None of the above | 15 541 (19) | 14 810 (14) | 26 075 (13) | |
| Hypertension | 5495 (6.6) | 6826 (6.5) | 12 100 (6.2) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 1505 (1.8) | 1696 (1.6) | 3209 (1.6) | .002 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1679 (2.0) | 2202 (2.1) | 4185 (2.1) | .12 |
| Coronary heart disease | 1349 (1.6) | 1464 (1.4) | 2832 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 232 (0.3) | 242 (0.2) | 517 (0.3) | .09 |
| Valvular heart disease | 216 (0.3) | 273 (0.3) | 548 (0.3) | .47 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 103 (0.1) | 104 (0.1) | 240 (0.1) | .15 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 112 (0.1) | 104 (0.1) | 277 (0.14) | .007 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 244 (0.3) | 291 (0.3) | 4357 (2.2) | <.001 |
| Cancer | 902 (1.1) | 1286 (1.2) | 2294 (1.2) | .02 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 49 047 (59) | 60 891 (58) | 100 663 (51) | <.001 |
| Former | 26 463 (32) | 36 534 (35) | 71 372 (37) | |
| Current | 7718 (9) | 7762 (7) | 23 520 (12) | |
| Alcohol, mean (SD), drinks per wk | 2.7 (1.6) | 3.2 (1.5) | 3.3 (1.4) | <.001 |
| Tea intake, mean (SD), cups per d | 3.6 (1.5) | 3.5 (1.3) | 2.6 (1.6) | <.001 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Light | 36 259 (44) | 40 925 (39) | 78 881 (40) | <.001 |
| Moderate | 19 805 (24) | 28 807 (27) | 51 719 (26) | |
| High | 27 164 (33) | 35 455 (34) | 64 955 (33) | |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared).
a
Data are presented as number (percentage) of study participants unless otherwise indicated.