Table 2.
Intervention methods, control methods, and outcomes of included trials.
| Study | Intervention group | Outcomes and definition | Outcomes and definitions | Evaluation timepoints | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Style | Sessions of HBOT | Patients enrolled | Style | Patients enrolled | |||
| Liang 13 | HBOT + ST | 24 | 15 (seven mild, eight moderate) | ST | 15 (eight mild, seven moderate) | Clinical remission (defined as disappearance of clinical symptoms, no positive findings under endoscopy), clinical response (defined as basically disappearance of clinical symptoms, mild inflammation under endoscopy) | Before and after treatment |
| Shen 14 | HBOT + ST | 20−30 | Eight (three mild, four moderate, one severe) | ST | 17 (six mild, 10 moderate, one severe) | Clinical remission (defined as disappearance of clinical symptoms, no positive findings under endoscopy), clinical response (defined as basically disappearance of clinical symptoms, mild inflammation under endoscopy) | Before and after treatment |
| Xu 15 | HBOT + ST | 36 | 21 | ST | 15 | Clinical remission (defined as disappearance of clinical symptoms, no positive findings under endoscopy), clinical response (defined as basically disappearance of clinical symptoms, mild inflammation under endoscopy), disease activity score (measured using DAI according to Sutherland and Martin 26 ) | Before and after treatment |
| Wang 16 | HBOT + ST | 30 | 36 | ST | 34 | Clinical remission (defined as disappearance of clinical symptoms, no positive findings under endoscopy), clinical response (defined as improvement of clinical symptoms and endoscopic findings) | Before and after treatment |
| Yin 17 | HBOT + ST | 28 | 48 | ST | 46 | Clinical remission (defined as disappearance of clinical symptoms, daily stool frequencies lower than twice, no red or white cells in feces, no positive findings under endoscopy), clinical response (defined as basically disappearance of clinical symptoms, daily stool frequencies lower than four times, fecal red or white cells lower than 10 under high power lens, mild inflammation under endoscopy), results of laboratory test (TNF-α, IL-6) | Before and after treatment |
| Nie 18 | HBOT + ST | 28 | 73 | ST | 65 | Clinical remission (defined as disappearance of clinical symptoms, daily stool frequencies lower than twice, no red or white cells in feces, no positive findings under endoscopy), clinical response (defined as basically disappearance of clinical symptoms, daily stool frequencies lower than four times, fecal red or white cells lower than 10 under high power lens, mild inflammation under endoscopy), expression of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) | Before and after treatment |
| Wang 19 | HBOT + ST | 40 | 30 | ST | 30 | Clinical remission (defined as disappearance of clinical symptoms, no positive findings under endoscopy), clinical response (defined as improvement of clinical symptoms and endoscopic findings) | Before and after treatment |
| Zhan and Peng 20 | HBOT + ST | 30 | 15 | ST | 15 | Clinical remission (defined as disappearance of clinical symptoms, no positive findings under endoscopy), clinical response (defined as improvement of clinical symptoms and endoscopic findings) | Before and after treatment |
| Huang and Cao 21 | HBOT + ST | 28 | 40 | ST | 38 | Clinical remission (defined as disappearance of clinical symptoms, no positive findings under endoscopy), clinical response (defined as no abdominal pain, no loose stool with daily frequencies between two to four times, mild inflammation under endoscopy), expression of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-10, SOD) | Before and after treatment |
| Dulai et al. 22 | HBOT + ST | 10 | 10 | Sham HBOT + ST | 8 | Clinical remission (defined as a partial Mayo score of ⩽2 points with no individual sub-score exceeding one point), clinical response (defined as a decrease in partial Mayo score of ⩾2 points with an absolute rectal bleeding sub-score of 0 or 1), disease activity score (measured using partial Mayo score) | Before treatment, and day 3, day 5, day 10 during treatment |
| Zhong et al. 23 | HBOT + ST | 28 | 25 | ST | 25 | Clinical remission (defined as disappearance of clinical symptoms, no positive findings under endoscopy), clinical response (defined as no abdominal pain, no loose stool with daily frequencies between two to four times, mild inflammation under endoscopy), expression of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-10, SOD) | Before and after treatment |
| Dulai et al. 24 | HBOT (five sessions) + ST | 5 | 6 | HBOT (three sessions) + ST | 5 | Disease activity score (measured using partial Mayo score) | Before treatment, and day 3, day 5, day 10 during treatment |
| Wang and Ma 25 | HBOT + ST | 60 | 70 | ST | 70 | Clinical remission (defined as disappearance of clinical symptoms, normal routine stool examination, no positive findings under endoscopy), clinical response (defined as basically disappearance of clinical symptoms, stool white blood cells 0–2 under high power lens, stool red blood cell 0–2 under high power lens, mild inflammation under endoscopy) | Before and after treatment |
DAI, disease activity index; HBOT, hyperbaric oxygenation therapy; SOD, superoxide dismutase; ST, standard therapy.