Skip to main content
. 2021 Jul 6;12:680480. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680480

Table 2.

Overview of published studies investigating the impact of KIR and KRI-ligand on viral infections after solid organ transplantation.

Patient Group n Cases n Controls n Outcome/Variable Observation Reference
kidney transplant patients 122 KIR haplotype B/X 82 KIR haplotype AA 40 rate of CMV infection 1st year after tx significantly lower in cases (20%) compared to controls (36%) Stern et al. (52)
graft function no significant differences between case and control
rate rejection episodes no significant differences between case and control
rate of EBV, BKV, Herpes simplex no significant differences between case and control
kidney cohort 1:HCMVD+R- patients with antiviral prophylaxis 76 >500 copies HCMV/ml within first 6months 24 <500 copies HCMV/ml 52 frequency of Tel B KIR genes higher in cases compared to controls Jones et al. (53)
Freq Tel B +HIA-C2 higher in cases compared to controls
kidney cohort 2: HCMV D+R- patients without antiviral prophylaxis 65 HCMV >50 infected cells 12 HCMV<10 infected cells 35 Tel AA haplotype significantly lower incases compared to controls
Tel A/X +HIA-C1 significantly lower in cases compared to controls
Tel B/X haplotype significantly higher in cases compared to controls
Tel B/X +HLA-C2 significantly higher in cases compared to controls
Homozygous HLA-C2 significantly higher in cases compared to controls
kidney transplant patients 196 two missing KIR ligands 38 no or 1 missing KIR ligand 158 rate of CMV infection up to 3 months significantly lower in cases compared to controls Hadaya et al. (75)
HLA-C missing KIR ligand 103 no HLA-C missing KIR ligand 93 rate of CMV infection up to 3 months significantly lower in cases compared to controls
patients with more activating KIR genes patients with fewer activating KIR genes rate of CMV infection up to 12 months each additional activating KIR gene reduced risk of CMV event by 19%
kidney transplant patients 339 patients with KIR Cen BX haplotype 192 patients with KIR Cen AA haplotype 147 rate of CMV infection up to 12 months no significant differences between case and control Stern et al. (76)
patients with KIR Tel BX haplotype 158 patients with KIR Tel AA haplotype 181 rate of CMV infection up to 12 months significantly lower in cases compared to controls
kidney patients excluding D-R- 223 patients with KIR B/X haplotype patients with KIR AA haplotype cumulative incidence of CMV in first 2 years no significant differences between case and control Gonzalez et al. (77)
kidney patients excluding D-R, receiving ATG 40 patients wtih KIR B/X haplotype patients with KIR AA haplotype cumulative incidence of CMV in first year 38% incases vs 48% in controls
heart, kidney, liver, lung tx patients 649 patients with KIR B/X haplotype 473 patients with KIR AA haplotype 176 cumulative incidence of varicella zoster infection (n=28) significantly lower in cases compared to controls Schmied et al. (78)
patients with KIR B/X haplotype 473 patients with KIR AA haplotype 176 Cumulative incidence of EBV, HSV, BKPyV no significant differences between case and control
kidney transplant patients 158 patients with severe BKV reactivation 48 patients with no BKV and stable function 110 Tel B/X haplotype significantly lower incases compared to controls Trydzenskaya et al. (79)
first 6 years after transplant Low number of activating KIR genes (<4) significantly higher percentage incases compared to controls
presence of KRI3DSl significantly higher in controls compared to cases
KIR/HLA match and mismatch no significant differences between case and control
kidney transplant patients 103 patients with KIR B/X haplotype 75 patients with KIR AA haplotype 28 cumulative incidence of BK virus in first 2 years no significant differences between case and control Brochot et al. (80)
kidney transplant patients D+R- 90 patients with KIR B/X haplotype 63 patients with KIR AA haplotype 27 cumulative incidence of CMV in first year trend towards lower incidence in controls (30%) vs cases (48%) Michelo et al. (81)
one or more missing KIR ligands 38 no missing KIR ligand 52 cumulative incidence of CMV in first year no significant differences between case and control
kidney transplant patients 138 patients with KIR B/X haplotype 96 patients with KIR AA haplotype 42 cumulative incidence of CMV in first 2 years trend toward slower incidence in cases (31.2%) vs controls (47.6%) Deborska-Materkowska et al. (82)
CMV infection 50 no CMV infection 88 lack of KIR2DS2 significantly higher in cases compared to controls
CMV infection 50 no CMV infection 88 presence of KIR2DL3 significantly higher in cases compared to controls
CMV infection 50 no CMV infection 88 presence of KRI2DL2-HLA-C1 significantly higher in cases compared to controls

D+, HCMV positive donor; R-, HCMV negative recipient; D-, HCMV negative donor; MVI, microvascular inflammation; DSA, donor specific antibodies.