TABLE 2.

Validation of remotely administered tablet‐ and smartphone‐based cognitive assessment and other novel types of cognitive assessment

Type of validation	Instrument	Authors	Longitudinal/cross‐sectional	Platform	Validation	Effect size	Biomarker	Participants (n)
Biomarker validation	FNAME	Samaroo et al. (2020)	Longitudinal	iPad	Diminished learning were associated with greater amyloid and tau PET burden	Moderate effect (d = 0.60)	[11C]PiB‐PET, [18F]flortaucipir‐PET	94
	ORCA‐LLT	Lim et al. (2020)	Longitudinal	Any platform using web‐browser	Lower learning curves were seen in Aβ+ CN	Large effect (d = 2.22)	[11C]PiB‐PET, [18F]florbetapir‐PET, or [18F] flutemetamol‐PET	80
	Sea Hero Quest	Coughlan (2019)	Cross‐sectional	Smartphone	Wayfinding discriminated between carriers and non‐carriers	Acceptable discrimination (AUC = 0.71)	APOE	60
	Speech analysis	Verfaillie et al. (2019)	Cross‐sectional	Audio recorder	Fewer specific words were associated with Aβ burden	Moderate (β = 0.48 to 0.69)	CSF Aβ42, [18F]florbetapir‐PET	63
	Spatial Navigation task	Allison et al. (2016)	Cross‐sectional	Computer	Lower results on wayfinding were seen in Aβ+ CN	Moderate effect (d = 0.76)	CSF Aβ42	71
Paper/pencil validation	VPC task using eye‐tracking devices	Bott et al. (2018)	Cross‐sectional	Eye‐tracking camera and device embedded camera	Eye movement was associated with PACC and NIHTB‐CB	Moderate effect (ρ r = 0.35‐0.39)	NA	49

Abbrevations: Aβ, amyloid beta; AUC, area under the curve; β, beta interaction effect; CN, clinically normal; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; d, Cohen's d; ORCA‐LLT, Online Repeatable Cognitive Assessment‐Language Learning Task; PiB, Pittsburgh Compound B PET; ρ r, Spearman's rank correlation; p r, Pearsons correlation coefficient; VPC, Visual Paired Association.

Note: Only published articles are included in this table.