Table 5:

Relationship between Parental Educational Similarity and Infant Health: by Maternal Education

Panel A: OLS Estimates
Maternal Education Category	Birth Weight	Low Birth Weight	Prenatal Visits	Month Began Prenatal Care
Less than HS
Mother Has Lower Education	4.66+	0.001	0.22**	−0.07**
Parents Have Equal Education	−2.59	0.000	−0.17**	0.06**
Mother Has Higher Education	−1.40	−0.002	0.02	−0.02
HS
Mother Has Lower Education	9.76**	−0.002**	−0.06**	0.04**
Parents Have Equal Education	5.96**	−0.002**	0.19**	−0.10**
Mother Has Higher Education	−27.47**	0.007**	−0.46**	0.24**
Some College
Mother Has Lower Education	0.44	0.001	−0.11**	0.08**
Parents Have Equal Education	2.97	−0.002*	0.02	−0.03**
Mother Has Higher Education	−5.36*	0.002+	0.07**	−0.03**
BA
Mother Has Lower Education	2.02	−0.001	−0.08**	0.03**
Parents Have Equal Education	−1.65	0.000	−0.00	0.00
Mother Has Higher Education	1.64	0.001	0.11**	−0.05**
Panel B: IV Estimates
Maternal Education Category	Birth Weight	Low Birth Weight	Prenatal Visits	Month Began Prenatal Care
Less than HS
Mother Has Lower Education	−3,397.75	1.35	−140.08	28.59
Parents Have Equal Education	−1,265.28*	0.50+	−19.32*	11.15*
Mother Has Higher Education	921.96*	−0.37*	16.98**	−8.02**
HS
Mother Has Lower Education	−188.68	−0.06	−2.68	7.41**
Parents Have Equal Education	71.25	0.02	1.19	−2.84**
Mother Has Higher Education	−114.49	−0.03	−2.13	4.60**
Some College
Mother Has Lower Education	−1,404.54**	0.18+	−8.49**	6.14**
Parents Have Equal Education	1,246.10**	−0.16+	9.01**	−5.51**
Mother Has Higher Education	−11,046.96	1.45	148.63	53.79
BA
Mother Has Lower Education	−394.08	−0.19	−8.32	3.63*
Parents Have Equal Education	795.18	0.38	23.62	−7.97
Mother Has Higher Education	781.28	0.37	12.85	−6.66*

Notes: Coefficients are from OLS models predicting infant health with controls for mother’s education, age, race, father’s education, child sex, and county and year fixed effects. Robust standard errors are adjusted for county-level clustering.

^**p<0.01

^*p<0.05

⁺p<0.1

Models predicting low birth weight are linear probability models. Sample is the same as that in Table 2, but limited to infants whose mothers have less than 12 years of education (Less than HS), 12 years (HS), 13-15 years (Some College), or more than 15 years of education (BA).

Sample sizes by maternal education category: <HS birth weight N=531,473; prenatal visits N=407,830; month began prenatal care N=501,590 HS birth weight N=1,125,593; prenatal visits N=901,872; month began prenatal care N=1,075,995 Some College birth weight N=503,566; prenatal visits N=434,723; month began prenatal care N=485,623 BA birth weight N=432,181; prenatal visits N=381,732; month began prenatal care N=417,799

Notes: Coefficients are from IV models predicting infant health with controls for mother’s education, age, race, father’s education, child sex, year, and county fixed effects. Instruments are the same as those used in the main analyses (Table 4 Strategy 1 or see Table S1 for full details). Robust standard errors are adjusted for county-level clustering.

^**p<0.01

^*p<0.05

⁺p<0.1

Models predicting low birth weight are linear probability models. Sample is the same as that in Table 2, but limited to infants with information for the instrumental variables and whose mothers have less than 12 years of education (Less than HS), 12 years (HS), 13-15 years (Some College), or more than 15 years of education (BA).

Sample sizes by maternal education category: <HS birth weight N=531,405; prenatal visits N=407,753; month began prenatal care N=501,512 HS birth weight N=1,125,545; prenatal visits N=901,828; month began prenatal care N=1,075,946 Some College birth weight N=503,515; prenatal visits N=434,666; month began prenatal care N=485,564 BA birth weight N=432,103; prenatal visits N=381,648; month began prenatal care N=417,718