Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics
| Latino (n=134) | Asian (n=86) | χ2(df) or t(df); p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline demographics | |||
| Age, mean (SD) [range] | 72.8 (7.0) [62–91] | 77.5 (7.3) [62–95] | t(218) = −4.77; p < .01 |
| Gender, n (%) | |||
| Male | 28 (20.9%) | 19 (22.1%) | χ2(1) = .05; p = .83 |
| Female | 106 (79.1%) | 67 (77.9%) | |
| Education, n(%) | |||
| Less than high school | 54 (40.3%) | 31 (36.1%) | χ2(1) = .40; p = .53 |
| High school or more | 80 (59.7%) | 55 (63.9%) | |
| Place of birth, n(%) | |||
| Outside of U.S. | 92 (70.2%) | 86 (100.0%) | χ2(1) = 31.21; p < .01 |
| U.S. | 39 (29.8%) | 0 (.0%) | |
| Self-rated physical health, n(%) | |||
| Good/Very Good/Excellent | 67 (50.0%) | 20 (23.3%) | χ2(1) = 15.67; p < .01 |
| Fair/Poor | 67 (50.0%) | 66 (76.7%) | |
| Language, n(%) | |||
| English | 6 (4.5%) | 1 (1.2%) | χ2(2) = 216.40; p < .01 |
| Spanish | 128 (95.5%) | 0 (.0%) | |
| Mandarin/Cantonese | 0 (.0%) | 85 (98.8%) | |
| Any chronic conditions, n (%) | |||
| No | 21 (15.7%) | 7 (8.1%) | χ2(1) = 2.68; p = .10 |
| Yes | 113 (84.3%) | 79 (91.9%) | |
| Baseline clinical characteristics | |||
| PTSD (PCL-5), mean (SD) [range] | 15.8 (14.0) [0–62] | 9.5 (11.2) [0–61] | t(218) = 3.53; p < .01 |
| Traumatic exposurea (BTQ), n (%) | |||
| No | 34 (25.4%) | 56 (66.7%) | χ2(1) = 36.32; p < .01 |
| Yes | 100 (74.6%) | 28 (33.3%) | |
| Psychotropic medication useb, n (%) | |||
| No | 108 (80.6%) | 73 (84.9%) | χ2(1) = .66; p = .42 |
| Yes | 26 (19.4%) | 13 (15.1%) | |
| Depression (PHQ-9), mean (SD) [range] | 8.7 (4.7) [0–22] | 6.9 (5.14) [0–24] | t(217) = 2.64; p < .01 |
| Anxiety (GAD-7), mean (SD) [range] | 6.6 (4.4) [0–20] | 4.5 (4.5) [0–21] | t(216) = 3.50; p < .01 |
| ESS scorec, mean (SD) [range] | 8.3 (5.4) [0–24] | 8.3 (4.9) [0–21] | t(218) = −.02; p = .98 |
| 0–9 n (%) | 88 (65.7%) | 58 (67.4%) | χ2(1) = .07; p = .79 |
| 10–24 n (%) | 46 (34.3%) | 28 (32.6%) | |
| MoCA scored, mean (SD) [range] | 19.7 (3.5) [11–29] | 22.1 (3.8) [13–29] | t(218) = −4.84; p <.01 |
| 0–24 n (%) | 125 (93.3%) | 60 (69.8%) | χ2(1) = 21.65; p < .01 |
| 25–30 n (%) | 9 (6.7%) | 26 (30.2%) |
Notes:
Traumatic exposure was defined as meeting DSM-IV A.1 criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder: respondents experienced, witnessed or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others.
Psychotropic medication use was assessed through the question “Have you gotten a prescription or medicine for your emotions, nerves or mental health from a psychiatrist, psychiatrist nurse practitioner, or PCP in the last 12-months?”.
ESS scores between 0 and 9 are indicative of a respondent being unlikely to have abnormal sleepiness or an average amount of daytime sleepiness; ESS scores between 10 and 24 are indicative that a respondent may be excessively sleepy and may need medical attention or that a respondent is excessively sleepy and should consider seeking medical attention.
MoCA scores between 0 and 24 are indicative of cognitive impairment; MoCA scores between 25 and 30 are indicative of normal cognitive functioning.