Fig. 1.

Synergistic cytotoxicity by combined treatment with radiation and ALA in MDA-MB-231 cells. (A) Cells were untreated (control), treated with 2 mM alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), 10 Gy radiation (RT), or a combination of 2 mM ALA and 10 Gy radiation (ALA+RT) for 72 hours, and then cell morphology was evaluated with a phase-contrast microscopy. Scale bars=100 μm. (B) Cell numbers were counted by the trypan blue exclusion assay. Error bars represent±standard error of the mean from three separate experiments (*p < 0.05).