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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 20.
Published in final edited form as: Sage Open. 2019 Mar 21;9(1):1–14. doi: 10.1177/2158244019837313

Table 1.

Readability Tests Results Before and After Revisions.

Measure of years of education required to understand the text Easiness to read
SMOG score (grade level) Flesh-Kincaid score (grade level) Fry score (grade level) Coleman-Liau score (grade level) Flesch reading ease score (0 very confusing; 100 very easy)
Before After Before After Before After Before After Before After
Overall 3.8 3.8 5.1 5.1 5.8 5.8 6.7 6.8 80 78
Chapter 1 4.1 4.3 6.1 5.8 7.0 7.0 7.3 6.9 74 77
Chapter 2 4.2 3.8 6.1 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.1 7.5 75 62
Chapter 3 3.8 3.8 4.4 4.5 5.0 5.0 6.2 6.2 85 84
Chapter 4 3.8 3.8 4.3 4.6 5.0 5.0 5.8 6.3 86 83
Chapter 5 4.1 4.0 5.0 5.1 6.0 6.0 6.9 7.0 82 81
Chapter 6 3.0 3.0 4.4 4.3 5.0 5.0 6.9 6.9 80 81

Note: No significant differences between the first and second version of the materials were identified. SMOG = Simple Measure of Gobbledygook.