Table 1.

Age estimations of haplogroups M9a1a1c1b1a and A11a1a, as well as their ancestor and sister lineages.

		Coding region synonymous substitution†		Coding region (577–16 023)†		Complete mtDNA genome†
Haplogroup	N	ρ ± σ	Age (ka)	ρ ± σ	Age (ka)	ρ ± σ	Age (ka)
A11a	53	1.51 ± 0.93	11.88 ± 7.36	3.30 ± 1.30	11.67 ± 4.58	4.92 ± 1.49	12.73 ± 3.86
A11a2 (Northern China)	3	1.00 ± 1.00	7.87 ± 7.87	1.67 ± 1.00	5.89 ± 3.53	2.67 ± 1.25	6.89 ± 3.22
A11a1a (Tibet)	47	0.55 ± 0.13	4.36 ± 1.06	1.45 ± 0.21	5.11 ± 0.74	3.10 ± 0.85	8.03 ± 2.21
M9a1a1c1	166	0.81 ± 0.13	6.40 ± 1.05	2.19 ± 0.95	7.73 ± 3.37	3.89 ± 1.34	10.06 ± 1.47
M9a1a1c1a (Northern China)	11	0.64 ± 0.24	5.01 ± 1.89	1.09 ± 0.30	3.85 ± 1.06	2.00 ± 0.43	5.17 ± 1.10
M9a1a1c1b1a (Tibet)	154	0.65 ± 0.09	5.11 ± 0.75	1.20 ± 0.15	4.24 ± 0.52	1.92 ± 0.19	4.97 ± 0.51

^†Mutation rates from Soares et al. [36].