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. 2019 May 24;6(5):993–1003. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwz064

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© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 4. — Methylation of the HOX gene clusters in different taxa. (a)–(d) Genomic snapshots representing methylation of the HOX gene clusters in sperm, oocytes and early embryos of sea anemone (a), honey bee workers and drones (b), sea urchin (c) and sea squirt (d). Oblique lines represent regions of the HOX cluster that are non-contiguous or interrupted. (e)–(g) Genomic snapshots show methylation dynamics of HOX gene clusters in zebrafish (e), mouse (f) and human (g). (h) Boxplots show the promoter methylation levels (MLs) of HOX genes between 6-week embryos and placenta in human. P value was calculated by paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test. ***P < 0.001. (i) Normalized expression levels of HOXD genes in human 6-week embryos and placenta. FPKM stands for fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads.