Table 2.
Effects of novel therapies on mitochondrial function.
| Novel therapies | Molecular mitochondrial properties | Clinical properties | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neuronal survival | Inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress | ||
| Pramipexole (186, 187) | Antidepressant efficacy in treatment-resistant BD | ||
| Nutraceuticals | |||
| N-acetylcysteine (188–190) | Reduces oxidative stress (in brain and periphery)* | Improves depressive and reduces manic symptoms | |
| Omega-3 fatty acids (191, 192) | Reduce oxidative stress | Better functioning in BD | |
| Increase antioxidants | Improve depressive symptoms | ||
| Alpha-lipoic acid (193–196) | Reduces apoptosis* | Reduces oxidative stress* | Reverses and prevents amphetamine-induced behavioral and neurochemical alterations* |
| Enhanced neuroprotection* | |||
| Acetyl-L-carnitine (194–196) | Reduces apoptosis* | Improvements in depressive disorders | |
| Enhanced neuroprotection* | |||
| S-Adenosylmethionine (197–199) | Reduces oxidative stress* | Improvements if supplemented in depressive disorders | |
| Potential risk of manic switch in BD (one study) | |||
| Creatine monohydrate (200) | Improvements in depressive symptoms | ||
| Potential risk of manic switch in BD (one study) | |||
| Leucine, isoleucine, and valine (201) | Reduction in manic severity (one study) | ||
| L-tryptophan (202) | Reduction of manic symptoms | ||
| Potential risk of depressive switch in BD (one study) | |||
| Carnosine (203, 204) | Reduces oxidative stress* | Improvement of behavior, cognition, and overall well-being | |
| Inositol (205, 206) | Improvements in depressive symptoms in BD | ||
| Coenzyme Q10 (207) | Reduces oxidative stress | Improvements in depressive symptoms and functioning in BD | |
| Melatonin (208–210) | Increases BDNF and ERK1/2* | Improvements in depressive symptoms. Scarce effects proven in BD. | |
| Reduces peripheral oxidative stress* | |||
| Vitamin C and E (211) | Improve severity in depression | ||
| Vitamin B3 (211) | Reduces oxidative stress* | Enhances social behavior* | |
| Folic acid (212) | Reduces oxidative stress* | Reduction in manic symptoms | |
| Ketogenic diet (213) | Reports on mood stabilization | ||
All data represents human clinical studies unless explicitly stated in table (
*
animal studies).
BD, bipolar disorder; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; ERK1/2, extracellular signal regulated kinases.