Table 2.
Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality among participants with hypertension compared to participants without hypertension.
| Total | No hypertension | Hypertension | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (deaths) | N (deaths) | HR | N (deaths) | HR (95% CI) | p value | |
| All-cause mortality | 11254 | 6119 | 1.00 | 5135 | 1.25 (1.19-1.31) | <0.0001 |
| Infections | ||||||
| Septicemia | 140 | 66 | 1.00 | 74 | 1.66 (1.06-2.59) | 0.03 |
| Viral hepatitis | 28 | 18 | 1.00 | 10 | 1.54 (0.59-4.07) | 0.38 |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | 72 | 47 | 1.00 | 25 | 1.49 (0.66-3.36) | 0.33 |
| Other infectious parasitic disease | 31 | 13 | 1.00 | 18 | 2.67 (1.09-6.51) | 0.03 |
| Cancers | ||||||
| All cancers | 2310 | 1347 | 1.00 | 963 | 1.05 (0.95-1.17) | 0.36 |
| Oral cavity, pharynx, lip | 27 | 17 | 1.00 | 10 | 0.92 (0.40-2.14) | 0.85 |
| Esophagus | 55 | 31 | 1.00 | 24 | 1.37 (0.71-2.65) | 0.35 |
| Stomach | 53 | 32 | 1.00 | 21 | 0.94 (0.49-1.80) | 0.85 |
| Colon, rectum, anus | 215 | 125 | 1.00 | 90 | 1.07 (0.78-1.48) | 0.67 |
| Liver and bile ducts | 68 | 42 | 1.00 | 26 | 0.85 (0.45-1.61) | 0.62 |
| Pancreas | 150 | 81 | 1.00 | 69 | 1.06 (0.71-1.59) | 0.78 |
| Larynx | 20 | 13 | 1.00 | 7 | 0.80 (0.28-2.32) | 0.68 |
| Lung, trachea, bronchus | 733 | 424 | 1.00 | 309 | 1.20 (0.99-1.46) | 0.06 |
| Malignant melanoma | 25 | 17 | 1.00 | 8 | 0.62 (0.21-1.82) | 0.38 |
| Breast (females) | 128 | 79 | 1.00 | 49 | 0.83 (0.53-1.31) | 0.43 |
| Cervix uteri (females) | 19 | 11 | 1.00 | 8 | 0.88 (0.32-2.40) | 0.80 |
| Uterus (females) | 32 | 23 | 1.00 | 9 | 0.37 (0.15-0.90) | 0.03 |
| Ovaries (females) | 62 | 36 | 1.00 | 26 | 0.88 (0.50-1.55) | 0.66 |
| Prostate (males) | 86 | 49 | 1.00 | 37 | 0.89 (0.55-1.44) | 0.63 |
| Kidney and renal pelvis | 58 | 32 | 1.00 | 26 | 1.46 (0.72-2.95) | 0.30 |
| Bladder | 48 | 35 | 1.00 | 13 | 0.54 (0.25-1.14) | 0.11 |
| Brain, nervous system | 42 | 23 | 1.00 | 19 | 1.37 (0.66-2.82) | 0.40 |
| Hodgkin's disease | 8 | 6 | 1.00 | 2 | 0.91 (0.18-4.56) | 0.90 |
| Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma | 67 | 34 | 1.00 | 33 | 1.40 (0.77-2.54) | 0.27 |
| Leukemia | 88 | 57 | 1.00 | 31 | 0.77 (0.46-1.29) | 0.31 |
| Multiple myeloma | 37 | 20 | 1.00 | 17 | 0.77 (0.40-1.49) | 0.45 |
| All other and unspecified neoplasms | 289 | 160 | 1.00 | 129 | 1.19 (0.87-1.61) | 0.27 |
| In situ and benign neoplasms | 51 | 30 | 1.00 | 21 | 0.72 (0.39-1.33) | 0.29 |
| Endocrine, nutritional, metabolic diseases | ||||||
| Anaemia | 17 | 10 | 1.00 | 7 | 0.99 (0.24-4.15) | 0.99 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 319 | 113 | 1.00 | 206 | 1.97 (1.45-2.67) | <0.0001 |
| Malnutrition | 14 | 9 | 1.00 | 5 | 0.39 (0.12-1.28) | 0.12 |
| Nervous system | ||||||
| Parkinson's disease | 61 | 34 | 1.00 | 27 | 1.16 (0.66-2.05) | 0.61 |
| Alzheimer's disease | 207 | 128 | 1.00 | 79 | 0.65 (0.47-0.92) | 0.01 |
| Circulatory disease | ||||||
| All circulatory diseases | 3821 | 1756 | 1.00 | 2065 | 1.49 (1.37-1.61) | <0.0001 |
| Primary hypertension, renal disease | 115 | 36 | 1.00 | 79 | 3.11 (1.82-5.30) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertensive heart disease | 134 | 46 | 1.00 | 88 | 3.23 (2.00-5.20) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertensive heart and renal disease | 17 | 4 | 1.00 | 13 | 2.23 (0.64-7.77) | 0.21 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 2050 | 991 | 1.00 | 1059 | 1.35 (1.23-1.49) | <0.0001 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 777 | 359 | 1.00 | 418 | 1.50 (1.27-1.77) | <0.0001 |
| Other acute ischemic heart diseases | 15 | 5 | 1.00 | 10 | 2.88 (0.85-9.72) | 0.09 |
| Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease | 301 | 175 | 1.00 | 126 | 0.95 (0.72-1.27) | 0.74 |
| Other chronic ischemic heart diseases | 957 | 452 | 1.00 | 505 | 1.35 (1.17-1.56) | <0.0001 |
| Heart failure | 235 | 110 | 1.00 | 125 | 1.17 (0.85-1.61) | 0.33 |
| All other forms of heart disease | 480 | 226 | 1.00 | 254 | 1.51 (1.21-1.89) | <0.0001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 618 | 266 | 1.00 | 352 | 1.64 (1.37-1.97) | <0.0001 |
| Atherosclerosis | 30 | 14 | 1.00 | 16 | 1.64 (0.69-3.92) | 0.26 |
| Other diseases of the circulatory system | 142 | 63 | 1.00 | 79 | 1.71 (1.09-2.69) | 0.02 |
| Aortic aneurysm and dissection | 74 | 32 | 1.00 | 42 | 1.58 (0.89-2.80) | 0.12 |
| Other diseases of arteries or capillaries | 48 | 22 | 1.00 | 26 | 1.73 (0.72-4.15) | 0.22 |
| Other disorders of the circulatory system | 20 | 9 | 1.00 | 11 | 2.58 (0.71-9.30) | 0.15 |
| Respiratory diseases | ||||||
| Pneumonia | 239 | 137 | 1.00 | 102 | 0.94 (0.70-1.26) | 0.66 |
| Emphysema | 62 | 36 | 1.00 | 26 | 1.18 (0.65-2.13) | 0.59 |
| Other chronic lower respiratory diseases | 492 | 258 | 1.00 | 234 | 1.39 (1.12-1.73) | 0.003 |
| Pneumonitis from solids and liquids | 74 | 47 | 1.00 | 27 | 0.72 (0.40-1.28) | 0.26 |
| Other respiratory system diseases | 141 | 74 | 1.00 | 67 | 1.16 (0.75-1.80) | 0.49 |
| Digestive diseases | ||||||
| Alcoholic liver disease | 80 | 51 | 1.00 | 29 | 1.65 (0.88-3.08) | 0.12 |
| Other chronic liver diseases | 87 | 46 | 1.00 | 41 | 1.89 (1.06-3.37) | 0.03 |
| Cholelithiasis, gallbladder disease | 14 | 5 | 1.00 | 9 | 1.56 (0.42-5.80) | 0.51 |
| Urinary tract disease | ||||||
| Kidney failure | 186 | 71 | 1.00 | 115 | 1.91 (1.33-2.74) | 0.001 |
| Abnormal clinical, lab findings | 116 | 65 | 1.00 | 51 | 1.12 (0.75-1.68) | 0.58 |
| Transport injuries | ||||||
| Motor vehicle accidents | 173 | 126 | 1.00 | 47 | 1.60 (1.07-2.37) | 0.02 |
| Unintentional injuries | 1.00 | |||||
| Falls | 81 | 51 | 1.00 | 30 | 1.00 (0.54-1.87) | 0.99 |
| Other nontransport accidents combined | 186 | 130 | 1.00 | 56 | 1.20 (0.82-1.75) | 0.36 |
| Self-harm, interpersonal violence | 1.00 | |||||
| Suicide | 151 | 115 | 1.00 | 36 | 1.03 (0.62-1.73) | 0.90 |
| Homicide | 56 | 46 | 1.00 | 10 | 0.56 (0.25-1.26) | 0.16 |
| All other diseases (residual) | 910 | 464 | 1.00 | 446 | 1.30 (1.10-1.54) | 0.002 |
| All other causes/all unknown causes | 1135 | 826 | 1.00 | 309 | 1.00 (0.85-1.18) | 0.99 |
Multivariable adjustment for age, sex, education, race, income, alcohol, smoking status, BMI, physical activity, and survey year.