Table 3.

Consolidated summary of SE and its types.

Sr. no.	Variant	Definition and key features	Causes	Diagnosis	Treatment	Reference
(1)	SE	Seizure that persists for a significant period of time and occurs frequently is termed SE Exhibits high morbidity and low mortality rates	Imbalance at cellular level pathways operating in CNS	EEG	Antiseizure drugs Anesthetic agents	[3, 10, 14]
(2)	RSE	SE which is incurable with two antiseizure drugs of which benzodiazepine is the one and the seizure lasts for around 1–2 hours Exhibits low mortality and high morbidity	Duration of SE CNS infections Massive stroke Brain tumors	Comprehensive metabolic profile Blood tests	Combination of antiepileptic drugs Electroconvulsive therapy Recurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)	[1, 3, 10, 22]
(3)	SRSE	SE that continues up to 24 hours or more even after the use of anesthetic therapy Exhibits high mortality and morbidity	Duration of SE CNS infections Metabolic disorders	Cerebrospinal fluid tests Blood tests	Immunomodulation therapies with immunoglobulins (IGs) and steroids Plasma exchange Epilepsy surgery	[10, 26]
(4)	NORSE	Occurs due to prolonged period of refractory seizures with no identifiable cause . Exhibits high mortality and morbidity	Autoimmune disorders Unidentified viral infections	Careful investigation of clinical history Continuous EEG monitoring Brain CT and MRI scan Cerebrospinal fluid tests Blood tests	Newer analogs of antiseizure drugs Anesthetic agents	[10, 24, 27]
(5)	FIRES	Subjects experience a nonspecific febrile illness followed by the onset of seizure activity lasting around 1–2 weeks. Exhibits high mortality and morbidity	Autoimmune paraneoplastic syndrome	Careful investigation of clinical history Prolonged EEG Lumbar puncture Blood tests Genetic tests MRI	Ketogenic diet Cannabidiol IGs (immunoglobulins) Monoclonal antibodies	[10, 24, 25, 27]