Table 1.
Demographics and characteristics of participants, from NHANES 1999–2018.
| Characteristic |
HF
(N = 1,382; 7.25%) |
Non-HF
(N = 17,685; 92.75%) |
p-values |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, Mean ±SD | 67.82 ± 12.16 | 58.82 ± 15.55 | <0.001 |
| Gender, N (%) | |||
| Male | 778 (56.30%) | 8,472 (47.91%) | <0.001 |
| Female | 604 (43.70%) | 9,213 (52.10%) | |
| BMI, kg/m2, N (%) | |||
| <20 | 34 (2.46%) | 412 (2.33%) | 0.001 |
| 20–25 | 195 (14.11%) | 2,959 (16.73%) | |
| 25–30 | 386 (27.93%) | 5,720 (32.34%) | |
| ≥30 | 695 (50.29%) | 8,225 (46.51%) | |
| Mean ±SD | 31.89 ± 8.06 | 30.74 ± 7.14 | <0.001 |
| Missing | 72 (5.21%) | 369 (2.09%) | |
| Waist, cm, Mean ±SD | 108.78 ± 17.01 | 104.35 ± 15.71 | <0.001 |
| Race, N (%) | |||
| Mexican American | 130 (9.41%) | 2,481 (14.03%) | <0.001 |
| Other Hispanic | 90 (6.51%) | 1,395 (7.89%) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 748 (54.12%) | 8,003 (45.25%) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 350 (25.33%) | 4,388 (24.81%) | |
| Other race or multi-racial | 64 (4.63%) | 1,418 (8.02%) | |
| Education, N (%) | |||
| <High school | 530 (38.35%) | 4,963 (28.06%) | <0.001 |
| High school | 344 (24.89%) | 4,234 (23.94%) | |
| >High school | 507 (36.69%) | 8,463 (47.85%) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.07%) | 25 (0.14%) | |
| Annual family income, N (%) | |||
| <20,000 USD | 532 (38.50%) | 4,793 (27.10%) | <0.001 |
| ≥20,000 USD | 789 (57.09%) | 12,159 (68.75%) | |
| Missing | 61 (4.41%) | 733 (4.14%) | |
| Current smoking status, N (%) | |||
| Smoking | 266 (19.25%) | 3,290 (18.60%) | <0.001 |
| Non-smoking | 588 (42.55%) | 5,503 (31.12%) | |
| Missing | 528 (38.21%) | 8,892 (50.28%) | |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 1,156 (83.80%) | 14,414 (81.60%) | 0.043 |
| Diabetes, N (%) | 593 (44.40%) | 4,848 (28.30%) | <0.001 |
| Prediabetes, N (%) | 82 (14.50%) | 1,925 (19.40%) | 0.004 |
| Coronary artery disease, N (%) | 580 (43.30%) | 1,265 (7.20%) | <0.001 |
| Angina, N (%) | 360 (26.70%) | 876 (5.00%) | <0.001 |
| Heart attack, N (%) | 651 (47.40%) | 1,261 (7.10%) | <0.001 |
| Stroke, N (%) | 301 (21.90%) | 1,381 (7.80%) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as N% (χ2-test) or Mean ± SD (independent t-test).