Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of the study sample in the training set
| Characteristics* | HCM | Hypertensive LVH | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 191) | (n = 117) | ||
| Demographics | |||
| Age (year) | 61 ± 14 | 67 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| Male | 114 (60) | 77 (66) | 0.28 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31 ± 6 | 32 ± 7 | 0.15 |
| NYHA functional class ≥2 | 86 (45) | 9 (8) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.001 | ||
| European ancestry | 170 (89) | 84 (72) | |
| African-American | 5 (3) | 5 (4) | |
| Asian | 5 (3) | 9 (8) | |
| Other or unidentified | 11 (6) | 19 (16) | |
| Medical History | |||
| Hypertension | 96 (50) | 117 (100) | <0.001 |
| Prior AF | 53 (28) | 29 (25) | 0.56 |
| Prior VT/VF | 8 (4) | 3 (3) | 0.46 |
| Prior non-sustained VT | 36 (20) | 5 (4) | -‡ |
| Prior syncope | 40 (22) | 6 (5) | -‡ |
| Family history of sudden cardiac death | 17 (9) | 3 (3) | -‡ |
| Family history of HCM | 51 (28) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Obstructive HCM | 78 (41) | - | - |
| Prior septal myectomy | 30 (16) | - | - |
| Time from septal myectomy to enrollment (year) | 4.1 [1.3–7.5] | ||
| Prior alcohol septal ablation | 21 (11) | - | - |
| Time from alcohol septal ablation to enrollment (year) | 6.9 [4.3–11.7] | ||
| Medications | |||
| β-blocker | 130 (70) | 81 (71) | 0.83 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 39 (21) | 37 (32) | 0.03 |
| ACE inhibitor | 16 (8) | 45 (39) | <0.001 |
| ARB | 26 (14) | 29 (25) | 0.009 |
| Diuretic | |||
| Loop diuretic | 28 (15) | 32 (28) | 0.004 |
| Thiazide | 15 (8) | 28 (25) | <0.001 |
| Potassium sparing diuretic | 10 (5) | 19 (17) | 0.001 |
| Disopyramide | 17 (9) | 1 (1) | 0.003 |
| Amiodarone | 5 (3) | 6 (5) | 0.25 |
| Blood pressure | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123 ± 14 | 132 ± 17 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74 ± 9 | 73 ± 10 | 0.41 |
| Renal function | |||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| End-stage renal disease | 0 (0) | 6 (5) | 0.006 |
| Echocardiographic measurements | |||
| Left atrial diameter (mm) | 42 ± 7 | 42 ± 7 | 0.68 |
| Interventricular septum thickness (mm) | 16 ± 4 | 13 ± 2 | <0.001 |
| Posterior wall thickness (mm) | 12 ± 2 | 12 ± 1 | 0.31 |
| Maximal LV wall thickness (mm) | 20 ± 5 | 13 ± 2 | <0.001 |
| LV outflow tract gradient (mmHg) at rest among patients with obstructive HCM | 38 [18–80] | - | - |
| LV outflow tract gradient (mmHg) with Valsalva maneuver among patients with obstructive HCM | 80 [43–100] | - | - |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 72 ± 7 | 61 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| LV end-diastolic diameter (mm) | 43 ± 6 | 48 ± 7 | <0.001 |
| LV end-systolic diameter (mm) | 26 ± 5 | 32 ± 7 | <0.001 |
| Systolic anterior motion of mitral valve leaflet | 88 (48) | 1 (1) | <0.001 |
| Degree of mitral regurgitation† | 2 [1–2.5] | 1 [1–2] | <0.001 |
| LV morphology | |||
| Apical | 31 (16) | - | - |
| Neutral | 77 (40) | - | - |
| Reverse curve | 40 (21) | - | - |
| Sigmoid | 31 (16) | - | - |
| Other | 1 (1) | - | - |
| Concentric LVH§ | 159 (87) | 94 (83) | 0.41 |
| Genetic testing (n = 81) | |||
| Pathogenic or likely pathogenic | 25 (31) | - | - |
Data were expressed as number (percentage), mean ± standard deviation, or median [interquartile range].
Degree of mitral regurgitation was converted to numerical values according to the following rule: none = 0, trace = 1, trace to mild = 1.5, mild = 2, mild to moderate = 2.5, moderate = 3, moderate to severe = 3.5, severe = 4.
P values were not reported as the ascertainment may have been different between the groups.
Defined as relative wall thickness >0.42.
ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; AF = atrial fibrillation; ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker; HCM = hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; LVH = left ventricular hypertrophy; NYHA = New York Heart Association; VT/VF = ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation