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. 2021 Jul 20;11:14789. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93034-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Dysregulation of metabolic gene signatures is common among lupus-affected tissues. (a) Comparison of DEGs among DLE, class III/IV LN GL, and class III/IV LN TI. (b) MCODE protein–protein interactions of common UP and DOWN DEGs were generated with Cytoscape using the STRING and ClusterMaker2 plugins and annotated with BIG-C functional categories (odds ratio (OR) > 1, p < 0.05) in Adobe Illustrator. Overlap p-value was calculated using Fisher’s exact test. GSVA of signatures for (c) glycolysis, (d) the PPP, (e) the TCA cycle, (f) OXPHOS, (g) FAAO, (h) FABO, and (i) AA metabolism in lupus tissues and controls (CTLs). Each point represents an individual sample. Significant differences in enrichment of the metabolic signatures in each lupus tissue as compared to CTL was determined by Welch’s t-test with Bonferroni correction. Numbers below each tissue indicate the number of lupus patients with enrichment scores 1 SD less than (< 1SD) or greater than (> 1SD) the CTL mean. For all calculations, the following sample numbers were used: DLE [CTL (n = 8), DLE (n = 9)], LN GL [CTL (n = 14), Cl III/IV (n = 22)], and LN TI [CTL (n = 15), Cl III/IV (n = 22)]. **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ****, p < 0.0001.