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. 2021 Jul 20;11:14820. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94345-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Temporal trajectories of biomarkers in PD patients with and without cognitive impairment at baseline. PD patients with cognitive impairment (red lines) show greater change in all five biomarkers (A: Aβ_1-42, B: α-syn, C: t-tau, D: p-tau, E: NfL) across the disease course than those without (blue lines). NfL showed the most remarkable changes both in PDCU and PDCI groups (F). Gray lines represent temporal trajectories in control group. Figures are illustrated using ggplot2 and patchwork packages in R software. Aβ_1-42 amyloid-β_1-42; α-syn α-synuclein; t-tau total tau; p-tau phosphorylated tau; NfL neurofilament light chain.