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. 2021 May 10;125(2):277–283. doi: 10.1038/s41416-021-01408-8

Table 2.

Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of mortality after gastric adenocarcinoma diagnosis in relation to metformin use among diabetes patients.

Disease-specific mortality All-cause mortality
Number of deaths Crude HR (95% CI) Adjusted HR (95% CI)a Number of deaths Crude HR (95% CI) Adjusted HR (95% CI)a
All participants
  No metformin 242 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 330 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
  Metformin 451 0.69 (0.59–0.81) 0.79 (0.67–0.93) 632 0.70 (0.61–0.80) 0.78 (0.68–0.90)
Men
  No metformin 155 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 220 1.00 (Reference) 1.00(Reference)
  Metformin 312 0.75 (0.62–0.92) 0.85 (0.69–1.03) 460 0.77 (0.66– 0.91) 0.84 (0.71–0.99)
Women
  No metformin 87 1.00(Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 110 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
  Metformin 139 0.59 (0.45–0.77) 0.66 (0.49–0.89) 172 0.57 (0.45–0.72) 0.62 (0.48–0.81)
Age < 73 years
  No metformin 80 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 116 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
  Metformin 218 0.78 (0.60–1.00) 0.83 (0.64–1.09) 316 0.76 (0.62–0.95) 0.80 (0.64–1.00)
Age ≥ 73 years
  No metformin 162 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 214 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
  Metformin 233 0.71 (0.58–0.87) 0.80 (0.64–0.99) 316 0.72 (0.61–0.86) 0.83 (0.69–0.99)
Gastric cardia adenocarcinoma
  No metformin 58 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 108 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
  Metformin 127 0.70 (0.51–0.96) 0.82 (0.60–1.14) 236 0.67 (0.53–0.84) 0.75 (0.59–0.95)
Gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma
  No metformin 185 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 223 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
  Metformin 324 0.71 (0.59–0.85) 0.79 (0.65–0.95) 396 0.72 (0.61–0.85) 0.80 (0.67–0.95)
Tumour stage Tis-II
  No metformin 37 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 59 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
  Metformin 78 0.73 (0.49–1.08) 0.87 (0.57–1.31) 131 0.76 (0.56–1.04) 0.89 (0.64–1.23)
Tumour stage III–IV
  No metformin 141 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 181 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
  Metformin 303 0.66 (0.54– 0.80) 0.71 (0.58–0.88) 400 0.66 (0.55–0.79) 0.71 (0.59–0.85)
Charlson Comorbidity Index 0
  No metformin 116 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 155 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
  Metformin 275 0.66 (0.53–0.82) 0.71 (0.57–0.89) 387 0.68 (0.57–0.82) 0.70 (0.58–0.85)
Charlson Comorbidity Index 1
  No metformin 62 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 85 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
  Metformin 109 0.82 (0.60–1.12) 0.91 (0.66–1.27) 155 0.84 (0.64–1.09) 0.90 (0.68–1.19)
Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 2
  No metformin 64 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 90 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
  Metformin 67 0.78 (0.56–1.11) 0.85 (0.59–1.22) 90 0.74 (0.55–0.99) 0.81 (0.59–1.11)
No gastrectomy
  No metformin 202 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 271 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
  Metformin 347 0.71 (0.60–0.84) 0.82 (0.68–0.99) 494 0.73 (0.63–0.85) 0.81 (0.69–0.95)
Gastrectomyb
  No metformin 40 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 59 1.0 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
  Metformin 104 0.81 (0.56–1.16) 0.87 (0.60–1.27) 138 0.73 (0.54–0.99) 0.79 (0.58–1.08)

aAdjusted for sex, age, calendar year of gastric adenocarcinoma diagnosis, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or aspirin, use of statins, and Charlson Comorbidity Index.

bPatients who underwent gastrectomy were followed up from the date of surgery.