Table 1.
The broad range of criteria utilized to define cardiogenic shock.
| Study | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aissaoui et al. USIK/UCIC/FAST-MI registries (3) | •SBP < 90 mmHg •Oliguria or signs of peripheral hypoperfusion |
| Basir et al. The Detroit cardiogenic shock initiative (4) | •SBP < 90 mmHg or need for supportive measures to maintain SBP > 90 mmHg •Signs of peripheral hypoperfusion or oliguria or elevated lactate •Cardiac index < 2.2 LPM/m2 or PCWP ≥ 15 mmHg |
| Bisdas et al. (5) | •SBP < 90 mmHg •Lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L •Cardiac index < 2.2 LPM/m2 |
| Brechot et al. (6) | •LVEF < 25% or increased inotrope score or SBP < 90 mmHg despite inotrope use •Cardiac index < 2.2 LPM/m2 |
| Brechot et al. (7) | •LVEF < 35% •Lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L •Cardiac index < 3 LPM/m2 |
| Califf et al. (8) | •SBP < 90 mmHg for more than 30 min or SBP drop >30 mmHg from baseline for 30 min •Cardiac index < 2.2 LPM/m2 or PCWP ≥ 15 mmHg •Oliguria, signs of peripheral hypoperfusion or avO2 > 5.5 ml/dL |
| Chioncel et al. ESC heart failure long-term registry (9) | •SBP < 90 mmHg or drop > 30 mmHg from baseline for 30 min •Oliguria or signs of peripheral hypoperfusion |
| Chung et al. (10) | •SBP < 90 mmHg and pulmonary edema or need for supportive measures to maintain SBP > 90 mmHg |
| De Roo et al. (11) | •MAP ≤ 60 mmHg •Cardiac index < 2.2 LPM/m2 with hemodynamic support |
| Goldberg et al. (12) | •SBP < 80 mmHg •Signs of peripheral hypoperfusion or oliguria |
| Goldberg et al. (13) | •SBP < 80 mmHg •Signs of peripheral hypoperfusion or oliguria |
| Harjola et al. CardShock study (14) | •SBP < 90 mmHg for more than 30 min or need for supportive measures to maintain SBP > 90 mmHg •Signs of peripheral hypoperfusion or lactate ≥ 2 mmol/L |
| Helgestad et al. (15) | •SBP < 90 mmHg for more than 30 min or need for supportive measures to maintain SBP >90 mmHg •Signs of peripheral hypoperfusion, oliguria or lactate ≥ 2.5 mmol/L |
| Hochman et al. SHOCK study (16) | •SBP < 90 mmHg for more than 30 min or need for supportive measures to maintain SBP > 90 mmHg •Cardiac index < 2.2 LPM/m2 or PCWP ≥ 15 mmHg •Oliguria or signs of peripheral hypoperfusion |
| Hochman et al. SHOCK study (17) | •SBP < 90 mmHg for more than 30 min or need for supportive measures to maintain SBP > 90 mmHg •Signs of peripheral hypoperfusion or oliguria •Cardiac index < 2.2 LPM/m2 or PCWP ≥ 15 mmHg |
| Hollenberg et al. (18) | •SBP < 90 mmHg for more than 30 min •Cardiac index < 2.2 LPM/m2 or PCWP ≥ 15 mmHg |
| Holmes et al. GUSTO-I (19) | •SBP < 90 mmHg for more than 60 min or need for supportive measures to maintain SBP > 90 mmHg •PCWP ≥ 15 mmHg |
| Hulman et al. (20) | •Cardiac index < 2 LPM/m2 with support |
| Killip et al. (21) | •SBP < 90 mmHg •Oliguria or signs of peripheral hypoperfusion |
| Kohsaka et al. SHOCK study (22) | •SBP < 90 mmHg for more than 30 min or need for supportive measures to maintain SBP > 90 mmHg •Cardiac index < 2.2 LPM/m2 or PCWP ≥ 15 mmHg •Oliguria or signs of peripheral hypoperfusion |
| Lee et al. (23) | •SBP < 90 mmHg for more than 30 min or need for supportive measures to maintain SBP > 90 mmHg |
| Muller et al. ENCOURAGE derivation cohort (24) | •LVEF < 25% or SBP < 90 mmHg despite inotrope use •Cardiac index < 2.2 LPM/m2 |
| Ostadal et al. ECMO-CS (25) | •LVEF < 35% or LVEF 35–55% in combination with valvular disease or need for supportive measures to maintain MAP > 50 mmHg •Cardiac index < 1.8 LPM/m2 without support or central venous pressure >7 mmHg or PCWP ≥ 12 mmHg •SvO2 < 50% in two consecutive measurements |
| Ouweneel et al. (26) | •SBP < 90 mmHg for more than 30 min or need for supportive measures to maintain SBP > 90 mmHg |
| Pozzi et al. (27) | •SBP < 90 mmHg •Signs of peripheral hypoperfusion or oliguria |
| Rihal et al. SCAI/ACC/HFSA/STS guidelines on MCS use for cardiogenic shock (28) | •SBP < 90 mmHg for more than 30 min or drop >30 mmHg from baseline for 30 min •Cardiac index < 2.2 LPM/m2 with support or cardiac index < 1.8 LPM/m2 without support or PCWP ≥ 15 mmHg |
| Seyfarth et al. ISAR-SHOCK (29) | •SBP < 90 mmHg for more than 30 min or need for supportive measures to maintain SBP > 90 mmHg •Signs of peripheral hypoperfusion or oliguria •Cardiac index < 2.2 LPM/m2 or PCWP ≥ 15 mmHg |
| Sheu et al. (30) | •SBP < 90 mmHg and pulmonary edema or need for supportive measures to maintain SBP > 90 mmHg |
| Thayer et al. Cardiogenic shock working group registry (31) | •SBP < 90 mmHg for more than 30 min •Cardiac index < 2.2 LPM/m2 |
| Thiele et al. (32) | •SBP < 90 mmHg for more than 30 min or need for supportive measures to maintain SBP > 90 mmHg •Oliguria •Cardiac index < 2.2 LPM/m2 with support or cardiac index < 1.8 LPM/m2 without support or PCWP ≥ 18 mmHg |
| Tsao et al. (33) | •SBP < 90 mmHg and pulmonary edema or intervention required to maintain SBP > 75 mmHg |
| Wu et al. (34) | •Refractory ventricular tachycardia or need for supportive measures to maintain SBP > 90 mmHg |
SBP, systolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; SvO2, mixed venous blood oxygen saturation; avO2, arteriovenous oxygen difference; SCAI, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; ACC, American College of Cardiology; HFSA, Heart Failure Society of America; STS, Society of Thoracic Surgeons; MCS, mechanical circulatory support; CS, cardiogenic shock.