TABLE 3.
Reported endogenous and exogenous small molecules interactions with monomeric and aggregated states of αSyn.
| Compound | α-Syn interaction region | α-Syn state conversion upon interaction | Common features (class) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dopamine | 125YEMPS129 (C-terminal) and E83 (NAC) | Oligomers → complex/trimers lacking β-sheets | Neurotransmitter | Oliveri, (2019) |
| Rekas et al. (2010) | ||||
| Post et al. (2018) | ||||
| Arginine | Aromatic residues | Monomers → unstructured conformer | Neurotransmitter | S. Ghosh et al. (2018) |
| Glutamate | Not specified | Monomers → β-sheet rich oligomers | Neurotransmitter | S. Ghosh et al. (2018) |
| EGCG | Residues 23–55 (N-terminal) | Monomers and fibrils → non-toxic entities | Polyphenol | Xu et al. (2020) |
| Caruana et al. (2011) | ||||
| Pujols et al. (2018) | ||||
| Sternke-Hoffmann et al. (2020) | ||||
| Baicalein | Lysine and tyrosine side chains (mainly N-terminal) | Monomers and fibrils → non-toxic oligomers | Polyphenol | Kurnik et al. (2018) |
| Morshedi et al. (2015) | ||||
| Oliveri, (2019) | ||||
| Javed and Ojha, (2020) | ||||
| NDGA | V3, F4, Met5 and H50 (N-terminal) | Monomers → stabilized monomers | Polyphenol | Caruana et al. (2011) |
| Fibrils → low β-sheet complexes | Daniels et al. (2019) | |||
| Perni et al. (2017) | ||||
| Squalamine | Residues 113–139 (C-terminal) | Not specified | Triterpenoid | Perni et al. (2017) |
| Nicotine | Not specified | Monomers → soluble oligomers | Alkaloid | Kardani et al. (2017) |
| Caffeine | Not specified | Oligomers → mature aggregates | Alkaloid | Oliveri, (2019) |
| Kardani and Roy, (2015) | ||||
| Mannitol | Not specified | Oligomers → non-toxic entities | Sugar alcohol | Shaltiel-Karyo et al. (2013) |
| Scyllo-inositol | NAC | Monomers → stabilized monomers | Sugar alcohol | Ibrahim and McLaurin, (2016) |
| TANI and TAN IIA | Not specified | Monomers/oligomers/fibrils → non-toxic entities | Phenanthrenequinone | Ji et al. (2016) |
| Ren et al. (2017) | ||||
| Cuminaldehyde | Lysine side chains (N-terminal) | Monomers → α-helix-like complexes | Aldehyde | Morshedi et al. (2015) |
| PcTs | F4 and Y39 (N-terminal), residues 93–95 | Monomers → α-helix stabilized monomers | Phthalocyanines | Lamberto et al. (2009) |
| (C-terminal) | Oliveri, (2019) | |||
| C41 | N-terminal | Monomers/oligomers/fibrils → non-toxic entities | 4-Hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)sulphonamide derivatives | Kurnik et al. (2018) |
| NQTrp | Not specified | Monomers → non-toxic entities | Naphtoquinone-Tryptophan derivative | Paul et al. (2019) |
| M2N and M3N | Not specified | Fibrils → amorphic conformers | Mannitol derivatives | Paul et al. (2019) |