Table 3.
Odds ratios for CIND, overall and stratified by sex a.
| Overall | Males | Females | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Trend (2015 vs. 2001) | 0.53 (0.49–0.58) | <0.001 | 0.61 (0.54–0.69) | <0.001 | 0.46 (0.41–0.53) | <0.001 |
| Sex, Male | 1.33 (1.22–1.44) | <0.001 | NA | NA | ||
| Age, y | ||||||
| 60–74 years | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||
| ≥75 years | 1.01 (0.92–1.12) | 0.70 | 1.26 (1.11–1.44) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.68–0.91) | 0.001 |
| Education, y | ||||||
| 0 years | 0.83 (0.72–0.94) | 0.006 | 0.76 (0.63–0.91) | 0.004 | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) | 0.23 |
| 1–6 years | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 0.38 | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 0.97 | 0.90 (0.77–1.06) | 0.22 |
| ≥7 years | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||
| Rural | 1.36 (1.23–1.49) | <0.001 | 1.36 (1.19–1.54) | <0.001 | 1.36 (1.18–1.56) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||||
| Hypertension | 0.98 (0.83–1.14) | 0.80 | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) | 0.68 | 0.98 (0.78–1.22) | 0.86 |
| Diabetes | 1.10 (0.83–1.46) | 0.50 | 1.20 (0.82–1.75) | 0.33 | 0.98 (0.63–1.52) | 0.93 |
| Heart disease | 0.69 (0.46–1.05) | 0.09 | 0.78 (0.47–1.29) | 0.34 | 0.53 (0.25–1.11) | 0.09 |
| Stroke | 0.71 (0.48–1.06) | 0.09 | 0.61 (0.32–1.14) | 0.12 | 0.80 (0.48–1.33) | 0.40 |
| BMI | ||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 1.05 (0.79–1.40) | 0.72 | 1.19 (0.79–1.78) | 0.39 | 0.94 (0.62–1.42) | 0.77 |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 0.88 (0.80–0.96) | 0.008 | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) | 0.07 | 0.86 (0.75–0.98) | 0.03 |
| Obese (≥30.0) | 0.70 (0.62–0.79) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.62–0.90) | 0.002 | 0.67 (0.56–0.79) | <0.001 |
| CVD Treatment b | ||||||
| Hypertension | 0.97 (0.83–1.14) | 0.77 | 1.02 (0.80–1.29) | 0.84 | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) | 0.70 |
| Diabetes | 0.98 (0.73–1.32) | 0.91 | 0.92 (0.62–1.37) | 0.70 | 1.07 (0.68–1.70) | 0.74 |
| Heart disease | 1.18 (0.73–1.92) | 0.48 | 1.06 (0.58–1.92) | 0.84 | 1.49 (0.64–3.45) | 0.35 |
| Stroke | 1.56 (0.92–2.64) | 0.09 | 1.93 (0.90–4.11) | 0.08 | 1.30 (0.60–2.83) | 0.50 |
| Health care insurance c | 0.85 (0.77–0.95) | 0.004 | 0.87 (0.75–1.01) | 0.07 | 0.82 (0.70–0.95) | 0.01 |
Notes: a Adjusted odds ratios were derived using logistic regression models with pooled data from 2001 (n = 6382) and 2015 (n = 9464) for the overall sample; 2001 (n = 3012) and 2015 (n = 4214) for males; 2001 (n = 3370) and 2015 (n = 5250) for females. The dependent variable was CIND compared to normal cognition. b Cardiovascular treatment for those with each condition. c Health care insurance for those with insurance. Abbreviations: CIND = cognitive impairment no dementia; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; BMI = Body Mass Index. CVD, cardiovascular disease; NA, not applicable.