Table 2.
Chromobacterium violaceum skin and soft tissue infections reported worldwide.
| Author/Year | Age and Gender | Clinical Manifestations | Related Condition | Time to Positive Culture | Bacteremia | Sepsis | Resistance Profile | Antibiotic Treatment | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sneath et al. [11] (1953) | Not reported (M) | Left thigh ulcer with inguinal lymphadenopathy fever and hepatomegaly. | Not reported. | 24 h | Yes | Yes | Not reported | TCY | Septic shock and multi-organ dysfunction. Death 26 days after admission. |
| Kaufman et al. [12] (1986) | 44 yo (F) | Ulcerated nodules and purpura in the abdomen, limbs, and back. Fever, abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, and jaundice. | Exposure to contaminated water. Wasp sting. | 24 h | Yes | Yes | Sensitive: MZL, GEN, CLO, TCY, CMX CBN, NMC, and NTM Resistant: PEN, AMP, AMK, TOB, PMX B, and CFS |
MEZ and GEN | Septic shock. Death at 6 weeks after admission. |
| Georghiou et al. [13] (1989) | 35 yo (M) | Posterior neck wound. Twelve days later: extension to the right shoulder with abscess, abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhoea. | Abrasion while carrying old damp floor-covering on that shoulder | 24 h | Yes | Yes | Sensitive: GEN, CIP, and CLO, IPM, TOB, and AMC Resistant: ATM, AMX, SXT, and CEP |
GEN, IPM, and CIP | Alive, fully recovered. |
| Huffman et al. [14] (1998) | 46 yo (M) | Three weeks of malaise, hyporexia, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, 7 kg loss, left thigh wound, and liver abscess. | Heavy smoking. | 24 h | Yes | Yes | Sensitive: GEN, CIP, CLO, TCY, IPM, and SXT Resistant: CRO, AMC, and CAZ |
CLO, GEN, and TCY | Resolved. Neuropathy as a sequel of the disease. |
| Huffman et al. [14] (1998) | 53 yo (M) | 7 mm wound on the sole of the left foot; six days later: fever, pain, and purulent discharge. | Diabetes mellitus. Wound with rusty metal. | Not reported | No | No | Sensitive: GEN, CIP, IPM, PIP, TOB, and AMC Resistant: CAZ |
AMC, GEN, DOX, and CIP | Alive, fully recovered. |
| Dan et al. [15] (2001) | 24 yo (M) | Pimple in right cheek with purulent discharge for three weeks. Fever, headache, and dizziness for 2 weeks. Brain abscess was reported. | Farm laboring. | 24 h | No | No | Sensitive: IPM and CIP Resistant: CTX and CRO |
CIP | Alive, fully recovered. |
| Hee kim et al. [1] (2005) | 38 yo (M) | Polytrauma with multiple wounds, rib fractures, empyema, hemothorax, tibial fracture, kidney, and liver hematoma. | Hit by a car while fishing. Contaminated water exposure. | Not reported | No | No | Sensitive: CIP, AMK, GEN, TZP, LVX, and SXT, Resistant: CRO, AMP, TOB, SAM, and FEP |
CFA and AZM | Alive, fully recovered. |
| Teoh et al. [16] (2006) | 40 yo (M) | 1 cm forearm abscess. One day later: purulent discharge epigastric pain and fever. Peritonitis was reported. | Forearm wound during camping near a lagoon. | Not reported | Yes | Yes | Not reported | CIP, MDZ, and CTX | Septic shock. Death at 20 h after admission. |
| Lim et al. [17] (2009) | 40 yo (F) | Anterior chest wall wound. Malaise, fever, chills, lumbar pain, and headache. Apical pansystolic murmur, liver abscess, and vegetations on the coronary cusps. | Wound with a tree branch during lake swimming. | 28–39 h | Yes | Yes | Sensitive: CIP, TZP, and MEM, IPM, SXT, and CFX Resistant: AMP, CXM, and CAZ |
MEM and CIP | Liver abscess and infective endocarditis resolved after 6–11 weeks, respectively. Alive. |
| Yang et al. [18] (2011) | 64 yo (M) | Right foot erythematous lesion with pain and edema. Headache and fever. | Diabetes mellitus and hepatitis B infection. Fish bite in a river. | 10 days | Yes | Yes | Sensitive: CIP, TZP, and MEM, LVX, ATM, CAS, and FEP Intermediate: GEN and AMK Resistant: SAM |
CRO, CIP, and DOX | Alive, fully recovered. |
| Kumar et al. [19] (2012) |
42 yo (M) | Head and leg lesions. Seven days later: pain, swelling, and purulent discharge. | Exposure to contaminated water. | 24 h | No | No | Sensitive: GEN, CIP, and AMK, CLO, TCY, CAZ, and IPM Intermediate: CTX Resistant: PEN and CFX |
GEN | Alive, fully recovered. |
| Ansari et al. [20] (2015) | 45 yo (M) | Wound in the middle finger of the left hand. Seven days later: fever, epigastric pain, swelling, and purulent discharge. | Stinging wound with unknown object. | 12 h | Yes | Yes | Sensitive: AMK, GEN, CIP, TZP, MEM, CRO, SXT, AMC, MDZ, and FLX. | TZP, FLX, and MDZ. | Septic shock and death 21 h after admission. |
| Madi et al. [21] (2015) | 53 yo (F) | Left leg lesion. Two weeks later: abdominal pain and vomiting; the lesion then ulcerated. Hepatomegaly and jaundice. | Skin trauma during farm laboring. | Not reported | Yes | Yes | Sensitive: CIP, TZP, MEM IPM, SXT, and CFX Resistant: AMP, CXM, and CAZ |
IPM, CIP, and TZP | Alive, fully recovered. |
| Lin et al. [22] (2016) | 23 yo (F) | Limb injury. Eight months later: granulation tissue in the wound. | Wound contamination in muddy field. | Not reported | No | No | All isolates were sensitive to CIP, MEM FEP, and GEN | TZP | Alive, fully recovered. |
| Lin et al. [22] (2016) | 42 yo (F) | Chest wall wound. | Not reported | Not reported | Yes | Yes | TZP, MEM, and GEN | Sepsis, mesenteric ischemia, abdominal abscess and fat necrosis. Deceased. | |
| Lin et al. [22] (2016) | 53 yo (F) | Limb wound, diabetic foot with infection, and abscess. | Diabetes mellitus | Not reported | No | No | GEN and SXT | Alive, fully recovered. | |
| Lin et al. [22] (2016) | 52 yo (M) | Post-surgical infected sternotomy wound. | Myocardial revascularization | Not reported | Not reported | Yes | TZP | Alive, fully recovered. | |
| Lin et al. [22] (2016) | 32 yo (M) | Lacerating injury on the toes with purulent discharge. | Wound during swamp hike. | Not reported | No | No | SXT | Alive, fully recovered. | |
| Lin et al. [22] (2016) | 57 yo (M) | Anterior chest wall wound. | Found unconscious in a swamp. | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | MEM | Alive, fully recovered. | |
| Lin et al. [22] (2016) | 45 yo (M) | Wound on the palm of the hand. | Stab wound. Possible contaminated metal. | Not reported | No | No | DOX | Alive, fully recovered. | |
| Lin et al. [22] (2016) | 50 yo (M) | Wound on toe | Not reported | Not reported | No | No | CZO and DOX | Alive, fully recovered. | |
| Lin et al. [22] (2016) | 21 yo (M) | Stinging wound with abscess in upper limb. | Spider bite. | Not reported | No | No | FLX and AMC | Alive, fully recovered. | |
| Matsuura et al. [23] (2017) | 69 yo (F) | Internal malleolus wound in right leg, fever, and liver abscess. | Rice cultivation and contaminated water. | 72 h | Yes | Yes | Sensitive: LVX, GEN, TCY, and SXT Resistant: All betalactams. |
CIP | Alive, fully recovered. |
| Sachu et al. [24] (2020) | 76 yo (F) | Several pustulous skin lesions predominantly in the right forearm; intermittent fever. | Myelodysplastic syndrome, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, diabetes mellitus type 2, typhoid fever, and recurrent urinary tract infection. Exposure to contaminated water. | 15 h | Yes | Yes | Sensitive: AMK, GEN, CIP, MEM, and LVX Resistant: AMP, AMC, and CFS |
MEM | Septic shock, acute kidney failure and death 72 h later. |
| Khadanga et al. [25] (2020) | 62 yo (M) | Left foot ulcer with necrosis associated with five days of abdominal pain and hepatomegaly. | Diabetes mellitus/ | 8 h | Yes | Yes | Sensitive: CIP, GEN, AMK, TZP, TCY, CAZ, FEP, IPM, NTM, and GFX. Resistant: AMP, AMC, and CTX |
CRO, VAN, and CIP | Alive, fully recovered. |
| Mazumder et al. [26] (2020) | 40 yo (M) | Left ankle contusion. Fifteen days later: fever, chills, abdominal pain, sweating, and purulent discharge from the wound. | Contusion in rice crop fields and contaminated water exposure. | 12 h | No | No | Sensitive: AMK, AZM, CIP, NIT, TZP, MEM, IPM, LVX, ETP, SXT, GEN, TOB, and NTM Resistant: CRO, AMP, CAZ, CTX, AMC, COL, PMX B, and CFM |
MEM and CIP | Alive, fully recovered. |
| Zhang et al. [27] (2021) | 50 yo (M) | Left leg wound. Seven days later: ulceration, bleeding, purulent discharge, and necrosis. | Wound while laboring in the field. | 24 h | No | No | Sensitive: TZP, CIP, AMK, MEM, LVX, IPM, TGC, and CFP Resistant: AMP, PEN, and CFS |
TZP and LVX | Alive, fully recovered. |
AMK: amikacin; AZM: azithromycin; CIP: ciprofloxacin; NIT: nitrofurantoin; TZP: piperacillin/tazobactam; CLI: clindamycin; GEN: gentamicin; MEM: meropenem; CRO: ceftriaxone; TCY: tetracycline; CAZ: ceftazidime; FEP: cefepime; IPM: imipenem; AMP: ampicillin; AMC: amoxicillin/clavulanate; CTX: cefotaxime; PIP: piperacillin; AMX: amoxicillin; CEP: cephalothin; NTM: netilmicin; CFM: cefixime; CFX: cefoperazone/sulbactam; MZL: mezlocillin; PEN: penicillin; CFS: cephalosporins; CMX: cotrimoxazole; CBN: carbenicillin; GFX: gatifloxacin; CZO: cefazolin; DOX: doxycycline; MEZ: mezlocillin; CFA: cefpodoxime acid; CTN: cefoxitin; OXA: oxacillin; LVX: levofloxacin; ATM: aztreonam; SAM: ampicillin/sulbactam; SXT: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; VAN: vancomycin; CXM: cefuroxime; ETP: ertapenem; MDZ: metronidazole; CLO: chloramphenicol; COL: colistin; TOB: tobramycin; PMX B: polymyxin B; TGC: tigecycline; FLX: flucloxacillin.