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. 2021 Jul 7;12:694809. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.694809

Table 3.

List of the 14 biomarkers of foie gras technological yield identified with the bucket method.

Metabolites 1H-NMR peakγ Chemical shiftδ (ppm) number of buckets with VIP > 1ε BH p-valueζ BH p-value 2η
Carbohydrate
Glucose <0.001
HMDB0000122 quartet 3.22.25 4 <0.001 to 0.005
singlet 3.38 1 <0.001
doublet 3.39 2 <0.001
doublet 3.40–3.41 1 <0.001
singlet 3.42 1 <0.001
doublet 3.43–3.44 2 <0.001
quartet 3.45–3.46 3 <0.001
quartet 3.46 1 <0.001
singlet 3.48 1 <0.001
singlet 3.49 3 <0.001 to 0.030
doublet 3.51–3.52 3 <0.001 to 0.050
doublet 3.53–3.54 4 <0.001 to 0.050
quartet 3.69–3.71 4 <0.001 to 0.030
multiplet 3.72–3.77 7 <0.001
doublet 3.80–3.81 2 <0.001
singlet 3.82 2 <0.001
doublet 3.82–3.83 3 <0.001
doublet 3.84–3.85 4 <0.001
doublet 3.87–3.88 2 <0.001
doublet 3.89–3.90 2 <0.001
doublet 4.63–4.64 0
doublet 5.22 2 <0.001
Glucose-6-phosphate 0.490
HMDB0001401 multiplet 3.26–3.28 4 <0.001 to 0.080
multiplet 3.47–3.51 7 <0.001 to 0.030
multiplet 3.55–3.59 4 0.005 to 0.040
triplet 3.70–3.73 4 <0.001
doublet 3.87–3.88 2 <0.001
multiplet 3.90–3.94 2 <0.001 to 0.020
triplet 3.98–4.00 3 <0.001 to 0.020
multiplet 4.02–4.05
doublet 4.63–4.64 0
singlet 5.22 2 <0.001
Glyceric acid <0.001
HMDB0000139 multiplet 3.72–3.84 11 <0.001
multiplet 4.12–4.14 2 <0.001 to 0.050
Glycogen 0.011
HMDB0000757 singlet 3.83 4 <0.001
singlet 5.39 2 0.001 to 0.007
Lactate <0.001
HMDB0000190 doublet 1.31–1.32 2 <0.001
quartet 4.08–4.13 5 <0.001 to 0.050
Maltose <0.001
HMDB0000163 singlet 5.4 2 0.001 to 0.007
doublet 5.22–5.23 2 <0.001
doublet 3.96–3.98 2 <0.001 to 0.020
doublet 3.93–3.94
doublet 3.89–3.92 3 <0.001
multiplet 3.87–3.81 5 <0.001
multiplet 3.74–3.79 5 <0.001
multiplet 3.69–3.73 7 <0.001 to 0.030
quartet 3.65–3.68 4 <0.001 to 0.030
singlet 3.63 1 0.010
multiplet 3.60–3.55 4 0.005 to 0.040
triplet 3.39–3.43 5 <0.001
quartet 3.28–3.25 5 <0.001 to 0.080
Amino acids
Arginine 0.490
HMDB0000517 multiplet 1.60–1.75 1 0.002
multiplet 1.87–1.93 0
triplet 3.22–3.25 6 <0.001 to 0.080
triplet 3.74–3.77 5 <0.001
Glutamic acid 0.010
HMDB0000148 quartet 3.73–3.76 5 <0.001
multiplet 2.00–2.15 1 0.006
singlet 2.29 1 0.005
singlet 2.31 1 0.005
doublet 2.32–2.33 1 0.005
doublet 2.34 1 0.005
doublet 2.35–2.36 2
singlet 2.38 2 <0.001 to 0.005
singlet 2.39 2 <0.001 to 0.110
N-acetylglycine 0.495
HMDB0000532 singlet 8 0
doublet 3.75–3.77 5 <0.001
Proline 0.286
HMDB0000162 multiplet 1.94–2.09 1 0.006
multiplet 2.31–2.37 3 <0.001 to 0.005
multiplet 3.30–3.35 2 <0.001
multiplet 3.38–3.42 5 <0.001
multiplet 4.11–4.13 3 <0.001 to 0.050
trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline 0.147
HMDB0000725 multiplet 2.12–2.17 2 0.004 to 0.006
multiplet 2.39–2.45 3 <0.001 to 0.100
doublet 3.34–3.35 1 <0.001
singlet 3.37 1 <0.001
singlet 3.46 2 0.010
doublet 3.48–3.49 4 <0.001 to 0.030
quartet 4.32–4.35 1 0.001
Organic compound
Allantoin 0.004
HMDB0000462 singlet 5.38 2 0.001–0.007
Creatine <0.001
HMDB0000064 singlet 3.02 1 <0.001
singlet 3.92 3 <0.001–0.020
Ethanolamine 0.009
HMDB0000149 triplet 3.12–3.14 1 <0.001
triplet 3.80–3.82 3 <0.001
γ

For each metabolite, the nature of each 1H-NMR peak is mentioned.

δ

For each metabolite, the range of chemical shift of each peak is mentioned in ppm.

ε

The PLS model to describe the technological yield with bucket data was plotted. The first latent variable enabled to separate the fatty livers in function of the technological yield. The VIP of the buckets involved in the first latent were extracted. For each 1H-NMR peak of each metabolite, the number of buckets with VIP > 1 was indicated.

ζ

For each bucket, the effect of the bucket value on the technological yield was tested by a linear model with R software, and the p-values were corrected with the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure and named BH p-values. For each metabolite, the range of BH p-values of each peak was mentioned.

η

For each biomarker, the relative metabolite concentration was computed with the bucket data. A linear model with R software tested the effect of the relative metabolite concentration on the technological yield, and the p-values were corrected with the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure and named BH p-values 2.