Lactobacillus shows improvement in GVHD |
– |
(86) |
Disruption of gut microbiota diversity aggravates GVHD |
– |
(86, 91, 93) |
Butyrate, a metabolite of the gut microbiota, attenuates GVHD |
Butyrate improved IEC junctional integrity, decreased apoptosis |
(88, 89) |
Lachnospiraceae is negatively associated with GVHD |
– |
(90–93) |
Indole, a metabolite of the gut microbiota, improves GVHD |
Indole upregulates genes associated with IFN1 response, limits intestinal epithelial damage, reduces inflammatory cytokine production, and decreases GVHD pathology and GVHD mortality. |
(95) |
GVHD progression was induced by TMAO, a circulating gut microbial metabolite |
TMAO enhances M1 macrophage polarization and establishes an environment for Th1 and Th17 responses |
(96) |
Antibiotic use alters the composition of the gut microbiota and increases GVHD |
Loss of protective colonic mucosa and impairment of intestinal barrier function due to antibiotics |
(97) |
Obesity aggravates GVHD by affecting the gut microbiota |
Obesity reduces the diversity of the gut microbiota and reduces Clostridiaceae abundance, leading to increased intestinal permeability, transintestinal transit of endotoxins, and radiation-induced gastrointestinal damage in mice |
(107) |
The microbiota controls MHC-II at the pre-transplant IEC |
Microbiota depletion inhibits IL-12/23p40 production by ileal macrophages, IL-12/23p40 prevents upregulation of MHC class II cells on IECs and initiation of lethal GVHD in the gastrointestinal tract |
(108) |
The gut microbiota metabolite sensor G-protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) attenuates gastrointestinal GVHD |
GVHD protection by SCFAs requires GPR43-mediated ERK phosphorylation and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in host non-hematopoietic target tissues |
(109) |