Table 2.
Factors associated with screening for ‘high risk of severe illness @ at notification among adults (≥15 years) with TB (without known drug-resistant disease at diagnosis) from public health facilities of 16 districts in Karnataka, India, 15 October to 30 November 2020 (n = 3020).
| Factors * | Total | Screened (Yes) | PR | (95%CI) | aPR ** | (95%CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | |||||||
| Total | 3020 | 1531 | (50.7) | |||||
| Age in years | ||||||||
| 15–24 | 476 | 234 | (49.2) | Ref | # | |||
| 25–34 | 611 | 305 | (49.9) | 1.02 | (0.90, 1.15) | |||
| 35–44 | 619 | 321 | (51.9) | 1.05 | (0.94, 1.19) | |||
| 45–54 | 575 | 290 | (50.4) | 1.03 | (0.91, 1.16) | |||
| 55–64 | 416 | 207 | (49.8) | 1.01 | (0.89, 1.16) | |||
| ≥65 | 323 | 174 | (53.9) | 1.10 | (0.96, 1.26) | |||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Men | 2039 | 1045 | (51.3) | Ref | # | |||
| Women | 981 | 486 | (49.5) | 0.97 | (0.90, 1.04) | |||
| Test used for diagnosis | ||||||||
| Rapid molecular tests | 1630 | 789 | (48.4) | Ref | Ref | |||
| Microscopy/Culture | 566 | 294 | (51.9) | 1.07 | (0.98, 1.18) | 1.07 | (0.97, 1.18) | |
| Chest Radiograph | 272 | 168 | (61.8) | 1.28 | (1.15, 1.42) ^ | 1.09 | (0.98, 1.20) | |
| Others | 552 | 280 | (50.7) | 1.05 | (0.95, 1.15) | 1.16 | (1.05, 1.27) ^ | |
| Bacteriological confirmation | ||||||||
| Yes | 2284 | 1135 | (49.7) | Ref | # | |||
| No | 736 | 396 | (53.8) | 1.08 | (1.00, 1.17) | |||
| Site of TB | ||||||||
| Pulmonary | 2186 | 1210 | (55.4) | Ref | & | |||
| Extrapulmonary | 667 | 318 | (47.4) | 0.86 | (0.79, 0.94) ^ | |||
| Missing | 167 | 3 | (1.8) | 0.03 | (0.01, 0.10) ^ | |||
| Previous treatment | ||||||||
| Yes | 474 | 248 | (52.3) | 1.04 | (0.94, 1.14) | # | ||
| No | 2546 | 1283 | (50.4) | Ref | ||||
| HIV | ||||||||
| Positive | 225 | 109 | (48.4) | 0.90 | (0.79, 1.04) | 0.86 | (0.76, 0.98) ^ | |
| Negative | 2531 | 1358 | (53.7) | Ref | ||||
| Unknown | 264 | 64 | (24.2) | 0.45 | (0.36, 0.56) ^ | 0.85 | (0.69, 1.05) | |
| DM | ||||||||
| Positive | 505 | 274 | (54.3) | 0.99 | (0.91, 1.09) | 0.99 | (0.91, 1.07) | |
| Negative | 2086 | 1138 | (54.6) | Ref | ||||
| Unknown | 429 | 119 | (27.7) | 0.51 | (0.43, 0.60) ^ | 0.82 | (0.71, 0.95) ^ | |
| Bank details available | ||||||||
| Yes | 2353 | 1281 | (54.4) | Ref | ||||
| No | 667 | 250 | (37.5) | 0.69 | (0.62, 0.76) ^ | 0.87 | (0.79, 0.95) ^ | |
| Peripheral Health Institute—Notification facility | ||||||||
| District/Teaching hospital | 1942 | 847 | (43.6) | 0.65 | (0.60, 0.70) ^ | 0.87 | (0.81, 0.94) ^ | |
| Sub-district level hospital | 769 | 517 | (67.2) | Ref | ||||
| Primary health Centre | 206 | 100 | (48.5) | 0.72 | (0.62, 0.84) ^ | 1.11 | (0.95, 1.29) | |
| Days to notify from diagnosis | ||||||||
| Within a day | 2160 | 1098 | (50.8) | Ref | ||||
| 1–6 day | 632 | 352 | (55.7) | 1.10 | (1.01, 1.19) ^ | 1.07 | (0.99, 1.16) | |
| 7–13 | 113 | 54 | (47.8) | 0.94 | (0.77, 1.14) | 0.98 | (0.82, 1.18) | |
| 14–27 | 73 | 22 | (30.1) | 0.59 | (0.42, 0.84) ^ | 0.71 | (0.52, 0.98) ^ | |
| ≥28 | 42 | 5 | (11.9) | 0.23 | (0.10, 0.53) ^ | 0.31 | (0.14, 0.68) ^ | |
| Treatment started | ||||||||
| Yes | 2853 | 1528 | (53.6) | Ref | ||||
| No | 167 | 3 | (1.8) | 0.03 | (0.01, 0.10) ^ | 0.04 | (0.01, 0.17) ^ | |
| Transferred out of district | ||||||||
| Yes | 521 | 156 | (29.9) | 0.54 | (0.47, 0.62) ^ | 0.70 | (0.62, 0.80) ^ | |
| No | 2499 | 1375 | (55.0) | Ref | ||||
TB—tuberculosis, PTB—pulmonary TB, EPTB—extrapulmonary TB, LPA—line probe assay, HIV—human immunodeficiency virus, DM—Diabetes mellitus; PR—crude prevalence ratio, aPR—adjusted PR; @ defined as filling and syncing of screening details in a mobile application irrespective of the extent of missing data; * source is the routinely collected baseline data in NIKSHAY updated as on 15 December 2020; ** modified Poisson regression with robust variance estimation, results have been adjusted for district;# Variables with crude p value ≥ 0.05 (Chi square test) were not included in the adjusted analysis;& excluded because of variance inflation factor >10; ^ p < 0.05.