Table 2.

Glyphosate and AMPA concentrations in human biological samples.

Type of sample	Area	Subjects	Lab Method	LOD/LOQ		Glyphosate levels	AMPA levels	Reference
Urine	Mexico	Farmers	ELISA	LOD: 0.05 µg/l LOQ: 0.13 µg/l		0.22-0.47 µg/l	NR	(24)
Urine	USA	Pregnant women 18-39 years old	LC-MS/MS	LOD: 0.1 µg/l LOQ: 0.5 µg/l		0.5-7.2 µg/l	NR	(75)
Urine	Slovenia	Children (7-10 years old) Adolescents (12-15 years old) from rural areas	GC–MS/MS	LOQ: 0.1 µg/l		<0.39 µg/l	<0.76 µg/L	(76)
Urine	China	Workers manufacturing glyphosate	GC–MS	LOD glyphosate: 20 µg/l LOD AMPA: 10 µg/l	20-17200 µg/l		10–2730 µg/L	(77)
Pregnant women and umbilical cord serum	Thailand	Pregnant women 19-35 years old	HPLC	LOD 0.4: µg/l		Serum: 0.2-189.1 µg/l Umbilical cord: 0.2-94.9 µg/l	NR	(78)
Breast milk	USA	Lactating women 22-39 years old	ELISA	NR		3 samples ranging from 76 to 166 µg/l and 7 samples <75 µg/l	NR	(79)
Breast milk and urine	USA	Lactating women > 18 years old	HPLC-MS/MS	Milk LOD: 1 µg/l Urine LOD: 0.02 µg/l (glyphosate) and 0.03 µg/l (AMPA)		Breast Milk: ND Urine < 1.93 µg/l	Breast Milk: ND Urine < 1.33 µg/L	(80)
Breast milk	Germany	Lactating women 22-39 years old	GC-MS/MS LC-MS/MS	LOQ: 1 µg/l		Glyphosate: ND	NR	(81)

ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GC, gas chromatography; HPLC, High Performance Liquid Chromatography; LC, liquid chromatography; LOD, limit of determination; LOQ, limit of quantification; MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry; MS, mass spectrometry; ND, not detected; NR, not reported.