Table 2.
Factors associated with occurrence of diarrhoeal episodes in the household in the preceding two weeks
| Diarrhoeal episode in the household n/N (%) c |
Univariate d | Multivariate d, e | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| Dwelling type | |||||
| Formal | 56/74 (75.7) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Informal | 18/74 (24.3) | 1.6 (0.9–3.0) | 0.135 | ||
| Structure main material | |||||
| Brick | 66/74 (89.2) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Metal sheets | 8/74 (10.8) | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) | 0.765 | ||
| Home ownership | |||||
| Owned by residents | 38/74 (51.4) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Rented | 27/74 (36.5) | 1.7 (1.0–3.0) | 0.071 | ||
| Government issued | 9/74 (12.2) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 0.718 | ||
| Power source for cooking | |||||
| Electricity | 74/74 (100.0) | Omitted | – | – | |
| Paraffin | 0/74 (0) | ||||
| Toilet type | |||||
| Flush toilet in yard | 22/74 (29.7) | Referent | – | Referent | – |
| Flush toilet in house | 52/74 (70.3) | 1.8 (1.0–3.1) | 0.038 | 1.7 (1.0–3.0) | 0.057 |
| Ventilated pit latrine | 0/74 (0) | – | – | – | – |
| International Wealth Index | |||||
| Median (IQR) | 85.6 (79.1–92.1) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 0.827 | – | – |
| Number of people living in the household | |||||
| Median (IQR) | 5 (3-7) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.004 | – | – |
| Children < 5 years in the household | |||||
| No | 42/78 (53.9) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Yes | 36/78 (46.1) | 2.0 (1.2–3.4) | 0.008 | ||
| Children between 5 and 15 years in the household | |||||
| No | 29/78 (37.2) | Referent | – | Referent | – |
| Yes | 49/78 (62.8) | 2.3 (1.4–3.9) | 0.002 | 2.3 (1.3–3.9) | 0.002 |
| Handwashing a | |||||
| Adequate | 24/78 (30.8) | Referent | – | Referent | – |
| Inadequate | 54/78 (69.2) | 1.8 (1.0–3.0) | 0.039 | 1.7 (1.0–3.0) | 0.064 |
| Consume fresh fruit and vegetables b | |||||
| Never | 3/77 (3.9) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Occasionally | 24/77 (31.2) | 0.5 (0.1–2.1) | 0.307 | ||
| Often | 50/77 (64.9) | 0.4 (0.1–1.8) | 0.236 | ||
| Consume meat b | |||||
| Never | 3/78 (3.9) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Occasionally | 28/78 (35.9) | 1.4 (0.4–5.2) | 0.617 | ||
| Often | 47/78 (60.3) | 1.2 (0.3–4.2) | 0.815 | ||
| Consume dairy b | |||||
| Never | 10/77 (13.0) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Occasionally | 28/77 (36.4) | 1.2 (0.5–2.8) | 0.710 | ||
| Often | 39/77 (50.7) | 0.8 (0.3–1.7) | 0.520 | ||
| Consume eggs b | |||||
| Never | 16/77 (20.8) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Occasionally | 26/77 (33.8) | 0.7 (0.4–1.5) | 0.420 | ||
| Often | 35/77 (45.5) | 0.7 (0.3–1.3) | 0.224 | ||
| Consume ready-to-eat meat products b | |||||
| Never | 21/77 (27.3) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Occasionally | 28/77 (36.4) | 1.4 (0.7–2.7) | 0.341 | ||
| Often | 28/77 (36.4) | 1.4 (0.7–2.6) | 0.391 | ||
| Consume take-aways b | |||||
| Never | 28/77 (36.4) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Occasionally | 39/77 (50.7) | 1.3 (0.8–2.3) | 0.313 | ||
| Often | 10/77 (13.0) | 1.8 (0.8–4.1) | 0.182 | ||
| Eat at restaurants b | |||||
| Never | 48/78 (61.5) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Occasionally | 28/78 (35.9) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 0.937 | ||
| Often | 2/78 (2.6) | 1.3 (0.2–6.5) | 0.771 | ||
| Purchase meat | |||||
| Informal | 2/78 (2.6) | Referent | – | – | |
| Commercial | 76/78 (97.4) | 1.9 (0.4–8.5) | 0.408 | ||
| Purchase fruit and vegetables | |||||
| Informal | 39/76 (51.3) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Commercial | 37/76 (48.7) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.451 | ||
| Fridge/freezer storage | |||||
| No | 2/78 (2.6) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Yes | 76/78 (97.4) | 1.2 (0.3–5.7) | 0.822 | ||
| Separate raw and cooked food | |||||
| No | 1/78 (1.3) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Yes | 77/78 (98.7) | 2.8 (0.4–22.0) | 0.336 | ||
| Treat drinking water | |||||
| No | 67/78 (85.9) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Yes | 11/78 (14.1) | 1.6 (0.7–3.5) | 0.251 | ||
| Water storage | |||||
| None (straight from tap) | 47/78 (60.3) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Closed container | 29/78 (37.2) | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) | 0.658 | ||
| Open container | 2/78 (2.6) | 1.6 (0.3–8.3) | 0.600 | ||
| Interruptions to water supply in the past 2 weeks | |||||
| No | 69/76 (90.8) | Referent | – | – | – |
| Yes | 7/76 (9.2) | 0.7 (0.3–1.7) | 0.393 | ||
a Adequate defined as washing with soap and water at critical times (after using the toilet or changing diapers, and before preparing food, eating or feeding young children); b Occasionally defined as once/twice per week, and often defined as every day or every second day. c Denominator differs due to missing responses for some households (maximum of 78 households that experienced at least one episode of diarrhoea in the past two weeks); d Univariate and multivariate analysis using only the 355 households that could be matched to HDSS data. e The following variables were assessed in the multivariate model: number of people living in the household, dwelling type, home ownership, toilet type, children < 5 years in the household, children between 5 and 15 years in the household and handwashing. The following variables were retained in the model: toilet type, children between 5 and 15 years in the household and handwashing