Table 2.
Basic characteristics of the participants developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
| Maternal Characteristics | Non-Diabetic Group (n = 766) |
GDM Group (n = 146) |
p * |
|---|---|---|---|
| Median (IQR), n (%) | Median (IQR), n (%) | ||
| Basic characteristics | |||
| Maternal age (years) | 34.0 (30.0–37.0) | 36.0 (33.0–38.0) | <0.001 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 22.6 (20.4–25.7) | 24.0 (21.5–29.1) | <0.001 |
| Categories: | <0.001 | ||
| Obesity | 66 (8.6%) | 32 (21.9%) | |
| Overweight | 147 (19.2%) | 26 (17.8%) | |
| Normal BMI | 515 (67.2%) | 79 (54.1%) | |
| Underweight | 38 (5.0%) | 9 (6.2%) | |
| GWG (kg) | 14.0 (11.0–17.0) | 10.0 (7.0–15.0) | <0.001 |
| Primiparity | 318 (41.5%) | 64 (43.8%) | 0.602 |
| Smokers in the 1st tr. | 47 (6.1%) | 10 (6.8%) | 0.744 |
| Prior GDM | 3 (0.4%) | 8 (5.5%) | <0.001 |
| Pregnancy outcomes | |||
| Fetal sex—son | 391 (51.0%) | 82 (56.2%) | 0.256 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.0 (38.0–40.0) | 39.0 (38.0–39.8) | 0.032 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3400.0 (3082.5–3707.5) | 3400.0 (3065.0–3780.0) | 0.577 |
| Categories: | 0.047 | ||
| Birth weight < 2500 g | 54 (7.0%) | 6 (4.1%) | |
| Birth weight 2500–4000 g | 636 (83.0%) | 119 (81.5%) | |
| Birth weight > 4000 g | 76 (9.9%) | 21 (14.4%) | |
| PIH | 112 (14.6%) | 25 (17.1%) | 0.438 |
* The Mann–Whitney U test was applied for comparisons of continuous variables (the variables were not normally distributed) and the Pearson chi-square test was applied (or Fisher exact test when Cochran assumption was not met) for comparisons of binomial variables, and the Cochran–Armitage test was applied for comparisons of trend for categorical variables (p < 0.05 was assumed to be significant). GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus (125 cases of GDM-1 and 21 cases of GDM-2); BMI: body mass index; GWG: gestational weight gain; PIH: pregnancy-induced hypertension.