Table 3.
The odds ratios of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM -1, -2) for the basic risk factors.
| Basic Risk Factors | GDM-1 Risk | GDM-2 Risk |
|---|---|---|
| AOR-A (95% CI); p * | AOR-A (95% CI); p * | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2): | ||
| Obesity (≥30) | 2.27 (1.32–3.91); 0.003 | 6.91 (2.38–20.05); <0.001 |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 0.95 (0.56–1.61); 0.845 | 2.01 (0.64–6.38); 0.234 |
| Underweight (<18.5) | 1.74 (0.76–3.96); 0.187 | 2.33 (0.28–19.67); 0.436 |
| Normal BMI (18.5–24.9) | 1 | |
| Smoking in the 1st tr. | 1.34 (0.64–2.81); 0.434 | - |
| Smoking before pregnancy | 0.63 (0.32–1.23); 0.175 | 0.61 (0.14–2.76); 0.525 |
| Never smoked | 1 | 1 |
| GWG above the range | 0.68 (0.41–1.13); 0.137 | 0.51 (0.16–1.67); 0.267 |
| GWG below the range | 2.39 (1.5–3.82); <0.001 | 2.99 (1.03–8.74); 0.045 |
| GWG in the range | 1 | 1 |
| Maternal age (years): | ||
| ≥40 | 2.31 (0.99–5.34); 0.052 | 1.20 (0.22–6.75); 0.832 |
| 18–24 | 0.43 (0.09–2.00); 0.283 | - |
| 25–29 | 1 | 1 |
| Prior GDM | 9.88 (1.87–52.29); 0.007 | 138.7 (23.7–812.8); <0.001 |
| No prior GDM | 1 | 1 |
| Multiparity | 0.57 (0.38–0.86); 0.007 | 1.91 (0.66–5.53); 0.230 |
| Primiparity | 1 | 1 |
| Preeclampsia | 0.21 (0.03–1.64); 0.138 | 2.21 (0.40–12.08); 0.360 |
| No PIH | 1 | 1 |
* AOR-a: adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) calculated in multiple logistic regression (model-a) after adjusted for multiparity, pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal age, gestational weight gain (GWG) out of the range as well as smoking in the first trimester (p-value < 0.05 was assumed to be significant) (the examined risk factor was excluded from the confounding variables mentioned). GDM-1: gestational diabetes mellitus treated with diet (n = 125); GDM-2: gestational diabetes mellitus treated with insulin (n = 21); Controls: non-diabetic women (n = 766).