Table 4.
The characteristics of declared family history of diabetes.
| Maternal Characteristics | Non-Diabetic Group (n = 766) |
GDM Group (n = 146) |
p * |
|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Diabetes in Family ** | |||
| -in the mother | 52 (6.8%) | 18 (12.5%) | 0.019 |
| -in the father | 74 (9.7%) | 36 (25.0%) | <0.001 |
| -in both parents simultaneously | 14 (1.8%) | 4 (2.8%) | 0.510 |
| -in the grandmother(s) | 70 (9.2%) | 22 (15.3%) | 0.030 |
| -in the grandfather(s) | 37 (4.8%) | 6 (4.2%) | 0.724 |
| -in both grandparents simultaneously | 8 (1.0%) | 1 (0.7%) | 1 |
| -in both mother and grandmother(s) simultaneously | 2 (0.3%) | 2 (1.4%) | 0.122 |
| -in both father and grandfather(s) simultaneously | 6 (0.8%) | 1 (0.7%) | 1 |
* The Pearson chi-square test was applied (or Fisher exact test when Cochran assumption was not met) for comparisons of binomial variables, and the Cochran–Armitage test was applied for comparisons of trend for categorical variables (p < 0.05 was assumed to be significant); ** Analyses for available data. GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus (125 cases of GDM-1 and 21 cases of GDM-2).