Table 5.
The adjusted odds ratios of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM-1, -2) for declared diabetes in the parents.
| Risk Factors/ Diabetes in the Parents |
Cases/ Controls |
OR (95% CI); p | AOR-A (95% CI); p * | AOR-B (95% CI); p * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDM-1 risk | ||||
| -in the father | 32/74 | 3.90 (2.39–6.37); <0.001 | 3.71 (2.25–6.12); <0.001 | 3.68 (2.23–6.07); <0.001 |
| -in the mother | 14/52 | 2.43 (1.27–4.63); 0.007 | 2.13 (1.1–4.14); 0.026 | 2.13 (1.1–4.14); 0.026 |
| -in the mother or father | 42/112 | 3.38 (2.18–5.26); <0.001 | 3.21 (2.05–5.04); <0.001 | 3.20 (2.03–5.02); <0.001 |
| -in both parents simultaneously | 4/14 | 2.58 (0.82–8.07); 0.104 | 1.88 (0.58–6.14); 0.293 | 1.88 (0.58–6.13); 0.294 |
| Ref ** | 62/559 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| GDM-2 risk | ||||
| -in the father | 4/74 | 2.75 (0.85–8.85); 0.09 | 2.93 (0.87–9.88); 0.083 | 3.16 (0.78–12.81); 0.108 |
| -in the mother | 4/52 | 3.91 (1.2–12.71); 0.023 | 3.36 (0.97–11.62); 0.056 | 4.73 (1.26–17.77); 0.021 |
| -in the mother or father | 8/112 | 3.63 (1.43–9.23); 0.007 | 3.76 (1.42–9.99); 0.008 | 4.77 (1.59–14.25); 0.005 |
| -in both parents simultaneously | 0/14 | - | - | - |
| Ref ** | 11/559 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| GDM (all cases) risk | ||||
| -in the father | 36/74 | 3.73 (2.34–5.94); <0.001 | 3.51 (2.18–5.66); <0.001 | 3.49 (2.15–5.67); <0.001 |
| -in the mother | 18/52 | 2.65 (1.47–4.78); 0.001 | 2.24 (1.22–4.12); 0.009 | 2.32 (1.26–4.28); 0.007 |
| -in the mother or father | 50/112 | 3.42 (2.26–5.17); <0.001 | 3.2 (2.09–4.89); <0.001 | 3.23 (2.1–4.97); <0.001 |
| -in both parents simultaneously | 4/14 | 2.19 (0.7–6.82); 0.177 | 1.49 (0.46–4.82); 0.509 | 1.51 (0.46–4.91); 0.494 |
| Ref ** | 73/559 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
* AOR: adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) calculated in multiple logistic regression after adjusted for multiparity, pre-pregnancy BMI, age, gestational weight gain (GWG) out of the range as well as smoking in the first trimester (AOR-a), plus prior gestational diabetes mellitus (AOR-b) (p-value < 0.05 was assumed to be significant). ** Reference category: ‘Absence of diabetes in the family’. Cases: GDM-1, i.e., diabetes treated with diet (n = 125); GDM-2, i.e., diabetes treated with insulin (n = 21). Controls: non-diabetic women (n = 766).