Table 6.
The adjusted odds ratios of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM-1,-2) for declared diabetes in the grandparents.
| Risk Factors/ Diabetes in the Grandparents |
Cases/ Controls |
OR (95% CI); p | AOR-A (95% CI); p * | AOR-B (95% CI); p * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDM-1 risk | ||||
| -in the grandfather(s) | 5/37 | 1.22 (0.46–3.21); 0.690 | 1.26 (0.47–3.36); 0.647 | 1.28 (0.48–3.41); 0.626 |
| -in the grandmother(s) | 19/70 | 2.45 (1.38–4.33); 0.002 | 2.48 (1.38–4.47); 0.002 | 2.34 (1.29–4.24); 0.005 |
| -in the grandfathers or grandmothers | 23/99 | 2.09 (1.24–3.54); 0.006 | 2.18 (1.28–3.73); 0.004 | 2.07 (1.21–3.57); 0.008 |
| -in both simultaneously | 1/8 | 1.13 (0.14–9.16); 0.911 | 1.15 (0.14–9.59); 0.896 | 1.15 (0.14–9.56); 0.898 |
| Ref ** | 62/559 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| GDM-2 risk | ||||
| -in the grandfather(s) | 1/37 | 1.37 (0.17–10.93); 0.764 | 1.59 (0.18–13.62); 0.674 | 1.21 (0.12–12.29); 0.870 |
| -in the grandmother(s) | 3/70 | 2.18 (0.59–8.00); 0.241 | 1.71 (0.44–6.67); 0.440 | 1.55 (0.33–7.42); 0.581 |
| -in the grandfathers or grandmothers | 4/99 | 2.05 (0.64–6.58); 0.226 | 1.82 (0.54–6.07); 0.332 | 1.53 (0.4–5.87); 0.539 |
| -in both simultaneously | 0/8 | - | - | - |
| Ref ** | 11/559 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
* AOR: adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) calculated in multiple logistic regression after adjusted for multiparity, pre-pregnancy BMI, age, gestational weight gain (GWG) out of the range as well as smoking in the first trimester (AOR-a), plus prior gestational diabetes mellitus (AOR-b) (p-value < 0.05 was assumed to be significant). ** Reference category: ‘Absence of diabetes in the family’. Cases: GDM-1, i.e., diabetes treated with diet (n = 125); GDM-2, i.e., diabetes treated with insulin (n = 21). Controls: non-diabetic women (n = 766).