Table 7.
The adjusted odds ratios of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM-1,-2) for declared diabetes in the parents and grandparents.
| Risk Factors/ Diabetes in Family |
Cases/ Controls |
OR (95% CI); p | AOR-A (95% CI); p * | AOR-B (95% CI); p * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDM-1 risk | ||||
| -in both mother and grandmothers simultaneously | 2/2 | 9.02 (1.25–65.13); 0.029 | 8.85 (1.17–66.9); 0.035 | 8.80 (1.16–66.57); 0.035 |
| -in the mother or grandmothers | 31/120 | 2.33 (1.45–3.74); <0.001 | 2.22 (1.36–3.61); 0.001 | 2.14 (1.31–3.50); 0.002 |
| Ref ** | 62/559 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| -in both father and grandfathers simultaneously | 1/6 | 1.5 (0.18–12.69); 0.708 | 1.41 (0.16–12.14); 0.753 | 1.41 (0.16–12.12); 0.754 |
| -in the father or grandfathers | 36/105 | 3.09 (1.95–4.9); <0.001 | 3.08 (1.92–4.92); <0.001 | 3.05 (1.9–4.88); <0.001 |
| Ref ** | 62/559 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| GDM-2 risk | ||||
| -in both mother and grandmothers simultaneously | 0/2 | - | - | - |
| -in the mother or grandmothers | 7/120 | 2.96 (1.13–7.8); 0.028 | 2.46 (0.9–6.72); 0.080 | 2.88 (0.95–8.76); 0.062 |
| Ref ** | 11/559 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| -in both father and grandfathers simultaneously | 0/6 | - | - | - |
| -in the father or grandfathers | 5/105 | 2.42 (0.82–7.11); 0.108 | 2.54 (0.84–7.7); 0.099 | 2.29 (0.67–7.89); 0.188 |
| Ref ** | 11/559 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
* AOR: adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) calculated in multiple logistic regression after adjusted for multiparity, pre-pregnancy BMI, age, gestational weight gain (GWG) out of the range as well as smoking in the first trimester (AOR-a), plus prior gestational diabetes mellitus (AOR-b) (p-value < 0.05 was assumed to be significant). ** Reference category: ‘Absence of diabetes in the family’. Cases: GDM-1, i.e., diabetes treated with diet (n = 125); GDM-2, i.e., diabetes treated with insulin (n = 21). Controls: non-diabetic women (n = 766).