Table 8.
The adjusted odds ratios of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM-1, -2) for declared diabetes in the parents, in the subgroups of BMI categories.
| Risk Factors/ Diabetes in the Parents |
GDM Risk | GDM-1 Risk | GDM-2 Risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| AOR-A (95% CI); p * | AOR-A (95% CI); p * | AOR-A (95% CI); p * | |
| Whole cohort | |||
| -in the father | 3.51 (2.18–5.66); <0.001 | 3.71 (2.25–6.12); <0.001 | 2.93 (0.87–9.88); 0.083 |
| -in the mother | 2.24 (1.22–4.12); 0.009 | 2.13 (1.1–4.14); 0.026 | 3.36 (0.97–11.62); 0.056 |
| Ref ** | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Normal BMI | |||
| -in the father | 3.34 (1.75–6.39); <0.001 | 3.24 (1.65–6.38); 0.001 | 3.82 (0.67–21.77); 0.131 |
| -in the mother | 1.67 (0.67–4.19); 0.270 | 1.63 (0.62–4.29); 0.324 | 1.64 (0.15–17.8); 0.684 |
| Ref ** | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Underweight | |||
| -in the father | 2.23 (0.26–18.95); 0.462 | 2.46 (0.29–20.89); 0.41 | - |
| -in the mother | - | - | - |
| Ref ** | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Overweight | |||
| -in the father | 6.24 (1.87–20.79); 0.003 | 6.23 (1.7–22.84); 0.006 | 5.11 (0.39–66.95); 0.214 |
| -in the mother | 3.7 (0.86–15.93); 0.079 | 2.94 (0.55–15.6); 0.206 | 6.91 (0.48–100.53); 0.157 |
| Ref ** | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Obesity | |||
| -in the father | 4.57 (1.29–16.2); 0.019 | 6.66 (1.57–28.36); 0.01 | 2.16 (0.17–27.47); 0.554 |
| -in the mother | 3.6 (0.99–12.99); 0.051 | 3.86 (0.89–16.72); 0.071 | 6.49 (0.6–70.53); 0.124 |
| Ref ** | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | |||
| -in the father | 4.36 (1.97–9.64); <0.001 | 4.89 (2.08–11.48); <0.001 | 2.73 (0.48–15.37); 0.256 |
| -in the mother | 3.84 (1.58–9.35); 0.003 | 3.38 (1.25–9.2); 0.017 | 5.56 (1.18–26.24); 0.03 |
| Ref ** | 1 | 1 | 1 |
* AOR-a: adjusted odds ratios (with 95% confidence intervals, CI) calculated in multiple logistic regression (model-a) after adjusted for multiparity, pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal age, gestational weight gain (GWG) out of the range as well as smoking in the first trimester (p-value < 0.05 was assumed to be significant). ** Reference category: ‘Absence of diabetes in the family’. GDM-1: gestational diabetes mellitus treated with diet (n = 125); GDM-2: gestational diabetes mellitus treated with insulin (n = 21); Controls: non-diabetic women (n = 766).