Figure 4. Schematic of redox-sensitive signaling pathways involved in hypertension.

ROS influence many signaling molecules that regulate cardiovascular function including kinases, phosphatases, Ca²⁺ channels, transcription factors, genes. These processes involve oxidative post-translational modifications (Ox-PTM) of downstream redox-sensitive targets. Oxidative stress causes abnormal redox signaling leading to cardiovascular dysfunction and remodeling in hypertension. Decreased antioxidants contribute to oxidative stress. PTP, protein tyrosine phosphatases; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases; UPR, unfolded protein response.