Table 1.

Loss of primary caregivers due to COVID-19-associated deaths or excess mortality in 21 included countries from March 1, 2020, to April 30, 2021

		Orphanhood				Loss of custodial grandparent			Loss of primary caregivers*
		Maternal only	Paternal only	Double orphans	Total	One skip-generation grandmother only	One skip-generation grandfather only	Both skip-generation grandparents
Europe
	England and Wales	2357	6136	2	8495	172	218	1	8886
	France	1068	2995	1	4064	121	185	1	4371
	Germany†	369	1221	0	1590	108	133	1	1832
	Italy	671	2529	1	3201	191	175	1	3568
	Poland†	942	2217	0	3159	493	441	4	4097
	Russia	8194	14 093	6	22 293	3994	3409	28	29 724
	Spain	617	1691	1	2309	173	186	1	2669
Americas
	Argentina†	2658	10 341	4	13 003	533	577	4	14 117
	Brazil	25 608	87 529	13	113 150	8567	8577	69	130 363
	Colombia	5270	24 576	5	29 851	1413	2018	11	33 293
	Mexico	33 342	97 951	32	131 325	4429	5342	36	141 132
	Peru	19 568	73 119	15	92 702	2501	3754	18	98 975
	USA	29 222	75 645	17	104 884	4172	4618	34	113 708
Africa
	Kenya†	738	3574	0	4312	62	126	0	4500
	Malawi†	371	1862	0	2233	41	93	0	2367
	Nigeria†	556	3297	0	3853	37	57	0	3947
	South Africa	26 673	55 733	16	82 422	8305	3868	30	94 625
	Zimbabwe†	746	1921	0	2667	55	76	0	2798
Southeast Asia
	India†	25 500	90 751	12	116 263	1132	1766	9	119 170
Eastern Mediterranean
	Iran	8916	31503	7	40 426	231	337	2	40 996
Western Pacific
	Philippines†	2481	4019	2	6502	346	376	3	7227
Total		195 867	592 703	134	788 704	37 076	36 332	253	862 365

^*Primary caregivers comprise parents and custodial grandparents.

^†All estimates for these countries are based on COVID-19 deaths, due to either the unavailability of data for excess deaths, or in the case of Poland, to COVID-19 deaths being higher than excess deaths.