Table 1.
Mother and offspring characteristics by history of maternal rotating night shift work before pregnancy for 345 mothers and 355 children, born between 1989 and 1995, enrolled in the Growing Up Today Study 2 and participating in the saliva sub-study conducted between 2011 and 2014.
| Female offspring |
Male offspring |
Overall offspring |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal history of night shift work |
Maternal history of night shift work |
Maternal history of night shift work |
||||
| Never | Ever | Never | Ever | Never | Ever | |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||
| Number of mothers, n | 75 | 167 | 42 | 61 | 117 | 228 |
| Age at birth, mean (SD) | 33.1 (3.3) | 33.7 (3.8) | 32.5 (3.0) | 33.5 (3.6) | 32.9 (3.2) | 33.7 (3.7) |
| BMI before pregnancy a, mean (SD) | 22.9 (3.4) | 23.3 (4.6) | 23.4 (4.7) | 22.9 (4.5) | 23.1 (3.9) | 23.2 (4.6) |
| Smoking before pregnancy a, %b | ||||||
| Smoker | 5.3 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 1.6 | 5.1 | 4.0 |
| Past smoker | 22.7 | 19.3 | 11.9 | 13.1 | 18.8 | 17.6 |
| Never smoker | 72.0 | 75.9 | 83.3 | 85.3 | 76.1 | 78.4 |
| Diet quality (AHEI without alcohol)c, mean (SD) | 44.1 (9.5) | 42.9 (9.2) | 44.4 (11.2) | 43.5 (10.8) | 44.2 (10.1) | 43.1 (9.6) |
| Alcohol intake (gm)c, mean (SD) | 2.0 (2.8) | 2.1 (3.1) | 3.2 (5.8) | 2.5 (5.4) | 2.4 (4.1) | 2.2 (3.8) |
| Physical activity, MET-hrs/wk. d, mean (SD) | 19.1 (17.5) | 18.3 (17.7) | 20.4 (23.9) | 21.0 (23.0) | 19.5 (19.9) | 19.0 (19.2) |
| Chronotype, % | ||||||
| Definite morning type | 29.6 | 32.5 | 30.0 | 50.9 | 29.7 | 37.4 |
| Intermediate type | 63.4 | 57.1 | 57.5 | 40.7 | 61.3 | 52.7 |
| Definite Evening type | 7.0 | 10.4 | 12.5 | 8.5 | 9.0 | 9.9 |
| Lifetime depression history, e % | 10.7 | 19.2 | 19.1 | 23.0 | 13.6 | 20.2 |
| Husbands holding a graduate degree f | 40.9 | 35.0 | 38.5 | 38.6 | 40.0 | 35.9 |
| History of rotating night shift work, % | ||||||
| None | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| < 3 years | 0.0 | 48.5 | 0.0 | 60.7 | 0.0 | 51.8 |
| 3–5 years | 0.0 | 38.9 | 0.0 | 23.0 | 0.0 | 34.6 |
| ≥ 6 years | 0.0 | 12.6 | 0.0 | 16.4 | 0.0 | 13.6 |
| Offspring characteristics | ||||||
| Number of offspring, n | 78 | 172 | 44 | 61 | 122 | 233 |
| Age at saliva collection, mean (SD) | 19.8 (1.1) | 20.0 (1.1) | 20.0 (1.2) | 19.8 (1.2) | 19.9 (1.2) | 20.0 (1.1) |
| Belonging to a sexual orientation minority,g % | 23.1 | 23.3 | 22.7 | 21.3 | 23.0 | 22.8 |
| Hormonal contraception use (female only), % | 32.1 | 45.0 | − | − | − | − |
| Compliant with wakeup sample, % | 94.9 | 97.1 | 93.2 | 96.7 | 94.3 | 97.0 |
| Stressful events in the past month, % | ||||||
| None | 84.6 | 82.0 | 77.3 | 88.5 | 82.0 | 83.7 |
| 1 | 12.8 | 14.0 | 18.2 | 8.2 | 14.8 | 12.5 |
| 2 + | 2.6 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.9 |
| Sleep, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Hours of Sleep in previous night | 7.8 (1.3) | 8.0 (1.4) | 7.3 (1.5) | 7.8 (1.5) | 7.6 (1.4) | 8.0 (1.4) |
| Hours of sleep on typical night | 7.8 (1.0) | 8.0 (1.0) | 7.6 (1.3) | 7.7 (1.1) | 7.8 (1.1) | 7.9 (1.0) |
| Time-varying worry score,h mean (SD) | ||||||
| Sample 1 | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.4 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.4 (0.6) |
| Sample 2 | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.6) | 1.4 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.5 (0.6) | 1.5 (0.6) |
| Sample 3 | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.5 (0.6) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.4 (0.6) |
| Sample 4 | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.6) | 1.5 (0.6) | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.7) |
| Sample 5 | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.5 (0.6) | 1.5 (0.7) |
| Time-varying happy score h | ||||||
| Sample 1 | 2.0 (0.7) | 1.9 (0.6) | 1.9 (0.6) | 1.9 (0.7) | 1.9 (0.7) | 1.9 (0.6) |
| Sample 2 | 2.2 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.6) | 1.9 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.6) | 2.1 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.6) |
| Sample 3 | 2.4 (0.8) | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.7) | 2.2 (0.7) |
| Sample 4 | 2.3 (0.9) | 2.3 (0.7) | 2.2 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.7) | 2.2 (0.8) | 2.3 (0.7) |
| Sample 5 | 2.2 (0.9) | 2.0 (0.7) | 2.0 (0.9) | 2.0 (0.6) | 2.2 (0.9) | 2.0 (0.6) |
Abbreviations: AHEI, alternative healthy eating index; METS, metabolic-equivalent hours; SD, standard deviation
Recorded on the most recent questionnaire prior to conception of first included offspring.
Percentages of non-missing values.
Recorded in 1991.
One metabolic-equivalent-hour is proportional to the amount of energy spent sitting quietly for one hour.
Self-reported physician/clinician-diagnosed depression; first enquired in 2001 and updated through 2013
Recorded in 1999.
Sexual minority defined based on reporting in 2011 to identify as mostly heterosexual, bisexual, mostly homosexual, gay or lesbian or to have reported any history of same-sex sexual partners.
Do you feel worried, anxious, or fearful right now?’ and ‘Do you feel happy, excited, or content right now?’ with options ranging from 1-Not at all to 4-Extremely.