FIGURE 2.

Spermine and spermidine reduce pro‐inflammatory responses in vitro. Spermine (SPM) and spermidine (SPD) decrease LPS induced NF‐κB activation of THP‐1‐Blue cells, in comparison to cells stimulated with LPS only (A). Putrescine (PUT) or cadaverine (CAD) have no effect. 100% activation represents the level of NF‐κB activation following LPS stimulation for 24h, as measured by secretion of NF‐κB‐dependent embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP). The impact of each polyamine on LPS‐induced NF‐κB activation was calculated relative to the LPS alone positive control in each experiment. Human PBMCs stimulated with SPD or SPM in presence of LPS, decrease the production of cytokines during 24 h of culture. Data represented in heatmap as average cytokine concentration with LPS alone condition as 100% of production (B). Expression of co‐stimulatory (CD80, CD86) as well as co‐inhibitory (PDL1, PDL2) molecules (C) and production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, TNF‐alpha) (D) is decreased in LPS activated monocyte‐derived dendritic cells by SPD and SPM. (*p < .05 between groups, **p < .01 between groups [ANOVA])