Table 3:
Predictors of incident pulmonary hypertension
| Hazard ratio (95% CI)* |
p value | |
|---|---|---|
| Age, years (per 5 years) | 1·21 (1·17–1·26) | <0·0001 |
| Male sex | 0·94 (0·62–1·41) | 0·69 |
| Race or ethnicity (vs White) | ||
| African American | 1·07 (0·93–1·23) | 0·050 |
| Hispanic | 0·66 (0·49–0·89) | 0·0007 |
| Other | 0·66 (0·41–1·08) | 0·13 |
| Prevalent heart failure | 1·82 (1·23–2·68) | 0·0006 |
| COPD | 1·51 (1·32–1·73) | <0·0001 |
| Hypertension (vs no hypertension) | ||
| Controlled hypertension | 1·74 (1·26–2·40) | 0·0007 |
| Uncontrolled hypertension | 1·92 (1·38–2·67) | 0·0001 |
| Diabetest† | ||
| Veterans without HIV | 1·47 (1·28–1·68) | <0·0001 |
| Veterans with HIV | 2·02 (1·67–2·44) | <0·0001 |
| Hepatitis C infection (vs no hepatitis C infection) | ||
| Infected | 1·48 (1·24–1·77) | <0·0001 |
| Never tested | 0·87 (0·69–1·09) | 0·54 |
| Smoking status (vs never smoker) | ||
| Former smoker | 1·12 (0·93–1·35) | 0·034 |
| Current smoker | 1·26 (1·06–1·49) | 0·0021 |
| Liver cirrhosis (FIB-4 >3·25 vs ≤3·25) | 1·56 (1·20–2·04) | <0·0001 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1·73m2 (per 10 mL/min per 1·73m2) | 0·90 (0·88–0·93) | <0·0001 |
| Body-mass index, kg/m2 (per 5 kg/m2) | 0·99 (0·93–1·04) | 0·59 |
| Recreational drug use† | ||
| Veterans without HIV | 1·28 (0·92–1·79) | 0·15 |
| Veterans with HIV | 0·72 (0·49–1·06) | 0·093 |
| CD4 cell count, cells per μL (per 200 cells per μL)‡ | 0·97 (0·90–1·05) | 0·48 |
| HIV viral load, copies per mL (≥500 vs <500)‡ | 1·18 (0·92–1·51) | 0·20 |
COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. eGFR=estimated glomerular filtration rate. FIB-4=fibrosis 4 score.
*
Estimates from a multivariable-adjusted model including all listed variables as covariates.
†
Significant interaction between HIV status and variable, so estimates are presented by HIV status.
‡
Only in veterans with HIV.