Table 2.
Baseline characteristics [2]
| Total | Survivors | Non-survivors | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical variables | ||||
| Blood pressure | 129.6 ± 25.3 | 132.2 ± 25.0 | 124.9 ± 25.2 | 0.017 |
| Heart rate | 85.9 ± 19.3 | 83.6 ± 16.7 | 89.7 ± 22.7 | 0.015 |
| Respiratory rate, breath/min | 23.2 ± 7.8 | 21.0 ± 6.9 | 26.3 ± 8.0 | < 0.001 |
| Fever | 154 (51.3) | 91 (48.1) | 63 (56.8) | 0.150 |
| Blood oxygen level (pulse oximeter) | 91.1 ± 6.0 | 92.0 ± 5.3 | 89.7 ± 6.8 | 0.001 |
| CURB-65, mean | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
| Severity of pneumonia | ||||
| CURB-65: 0–1 (low risk) | 83 (28.9) | 75 (42.1) | 8 (7.3) | < 0.001 |
| CURB-65: 2 (moderate risk) | 105 (36.6) | 69 (38.8) | 36 (33.0) | |
| CURB-65: 3–5 (high risk) | 99 (34.5) | 34 (19.1) | 65 (59.6) | |
| qSOFA, mean | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Lymphocytes, cells/mm3 (median (IQR)) | 0.89 (0.60/1.26) | 0.93 (0.62/1.35) | 0.77 (0.49/1.00) | 0.007 |
| Albumin, g/dL [median (IQR)] | 3.3 (3.0/3.7) | 3.4 (3.1/3.7) | 3.2 (2.9/3.7) | 0.068 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL [median (IQR)] | 266 (155/463.5) | 246 (147/392) | 401 (203/755) | 0.002 |
| d-Dimer, ng/mL [median (IQR)] | 1.5 (0.8/2.8) | 1.4 (0.8/2.6) | 1.6 (0.9/3.0) | 0.281 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L [median (IQR)) | 62.0 (26.3/143.0) | 53.7 (21.6/114.0) | 86.0 (46.8/181.5) | < 0.001 |
| Thrombocytes, 106 (median (IQR)) | 206 (1254/289) | 221 (158/317) | 190 (141/252) | 0.004 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL [median (IQR)] | 0.97 (0.70/1.40) | 0.80 (0.60/1.20) | 1.14 (0.87/1.63) | < 0.001 |
| Treatment | ||||
| ACEI | 88 (29.3) | 63 (33.3) | 25 (22.5) | 0.047 |
| Anticoagulants (any dose) | 83 (27.7) | 48 (25.4) | 35 (31.5) | 0.251 |
| Benzodiazepines | 96 (32.0) | 63 (33.3) | 33 (29.7) | 0.518 |
| Risperidone | 13 (4.3) | 5 (2.6) | 8 (7.2) | 0.079 |
| Quetiapine | 34 (11.3) | 17 (9.0) | 17 (15.3) | 0.095 |
| Antidepressants | 109 (36.3) | 71 (37.6) | 38 (34.2) | 0.562 |
| Haloperidol | 24 (8.0) | 15 (7.9) | 9 (8.1) | 0.958 |
| Trazodone | 34 (11.3) | 23 (12.2) | 11 (9.9) | 0.551 |
| Treatment during admission | ||||
| Anticoagulant prophylaxis | 270 (90.6) | 176 (93.6) | 94 (85.5) | 0.020 |
| None | 29 (9.7) | 12 (6.4) | 17 (15.5) | 0.032 |
| Prophylactic dose | 186 (62.4) | 124 (66.0) | 62 (56.4) | |
| Therapeutic dose | 83 (27.9) | 52 (27.7) | 31 (28.2) | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 261 (87.0) | 175 (92.6) | 86 (77.5) | < 0.001 |
| Azithromycin | 188 (63.1) | 121 (64.4) | 67 (60.9) | 0.551 |
| Corticosteroids | 109 (37.1) | 61 (33.0) | 48 (44.0) | 0.058 |
| Lopinavir plus ritonavir | 22 (7.3) | 13 (6.9) | 9 (8.1) | 0.693 |
| Colchicine | 3 (1.0) | 2 (1.1) | 1 (0.9) | 0.999 |
| Darunavir | 5 (1.7) | 4 (2.1) | 1 (0.9) | 0.655 |
| Radiology | ||||
| Pneumonia | 252 (84.0) | 149 (78.8) | 103 (92.8) | 0.001 |
| Respiratory tract infection | 48 (16.0) | 450 (21.2) | 8 (7.2) | 0.002 |
| Unilobar pneumonia | 25 (8.3) | 15 (7.9) | 10 (9.0) | 0.746 |
| Unilateral multilobar pneumonia | 15 (5.0) | 8 (4.2) | 7 (6.3) | 0.426 |
| Bilateral multilobar pneumonia | 212 (70.7) | 126 (66.7) | 86 (77.5) | 0.047 |
| Ground-glass opacification | 52 (17.9) | 35 (18.6) | 17 (16.5) | 0.653 |
| Unilobar pneumonia, unilateral multilobar pneumonia, bilateral multilobar pneumonia, ground-glass opacification | 252 (84.0) | 149 (78.8) | 103 (92.8) | 0.001 |
| Non-cardiac complication | ||||
| Respiratory distress syndrome | 15 (5.2) | 1 (0.6) | 14 (13.2) | < 0.001 |
| Acute renal failure | 38 (13.2) | 22 (12.2) | 16 (15.1) | 0.578 |
| Co-infection | 65 (22.6) | 42 (23.2) | 23 (21.7) | 0.022 |
| Sepsis | 31 (10.8) | 4 (2.2) | 27 (25.5) | < 0.001 |
| Sodium disturbance | 17 (5.9) | 10 (5.5) | 7 (6.6) | 0.714 |
Bold value indicates statistical significance