Table 1. Gene ontology (Panther) classification of differentially expressed genes.
| up-regulated genes | |||||||
| Classification | male | female | |||||
| fold enrichment | p-value* | fold enrichment | p-value* | ||||
| GO biological process complete | |||||||
| anatomical structure regression | 36.13 | 4.14E-02 | |||||
| gland morphogenesis | 9.67 | 5.57E-03 | |||||
| positive regulation of T cell activation | 7.08 | 1.83E-03 | |||||
| positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion | 6.48 | 3.00E-03 | |||||
| regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion | 4.99 | 1.61E-02 | |||||
| regulation of cell-cell adhesion | 4.38 | 1.06E-02 | |||||
| regulation of cell adhesion | 3.33 | 1.28E-02 | |||||
| positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion | 6.7 | 5.11E-04 | |||||
| positive regulation of cell adhesion | 4.44 | 5.10E-03 | |||||
| positive regulation of lymphocyte activation | 4.71 | 2.33E-02 | |||||
| positive regulation of leukocyte activation | 4.24 | 4.26E-02 | |||||
| positive regulation of cell activation | 4.13 | 4.91E-02 | |||||
| regulation of T cell activation | 5.36 | 4.69E-03 | |||||
| T cell differentiation | 7.02 | 1.06E-02 | |||||
| T cell activation | 6.2 | 4.07E-03 | |||||
| immune system development | 3.34 | 1.28E-0 | |||||
| translation | 4.2 | 5.58E-04 | |||||
| peptide biosynthetic process | 4.1 | 4.74E-04 | |||||
| peptide metabolic process | 3.56 | 1.18E-03 | |||||
| cellular amide metabolic process | 2.91 | 4.79E-03 | |||||
| amide biosynthetic process | 3.8 | 5.03E-04 | |||||
| cell-cell signaling | 2.97 | 2.52E-02 | |||||
| T cell costimulation | 18.99 | 4.63E-02 | |||||
| positive regulation of T cell activation | 5.03 | 4.60E-02 | |||||
| positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion | 4.84 | 1.51E-02 | |||||
| regulation of ossification | 5.58 | 6.83E-03 | |||||
| GO molecular function complete | |||||||
| coreceptor activity | 18.73 | 4.09E-02 | |||||
| structural constituent of ribosome | 7.31 | 2.47E-06 | |||||
| structural molecule activity | 4.35 | 1.11E-05 | |||||
| cytokine receptor activity | 7.28 | 3.12E-02 | |||||
| cytokine binding | 6.61 | 2.30E-02 | |||||
| GO cellular component complete | |||||||
| protein complex involved in cell adhesion | 13.6 | 5.71E-03 | 12.91 | 2.46E-03 | |||
| cytosolic large ribosomal subunit | 10.12 | 8.92E-05 | |||||
| cytosolic ribosome | 8.09 | 1.51E-05 | |||||
| ribosome | 5.9 | 3.17E-06 | |||||
| large ribosomal subunit | 6.27 | 2.67E-03 | |||||
| ribosomal subunit | 6.21 | 2.20E-05 | |||||
| tight junction | 7.44 | 1.91E-02 | |||||
| external side of plasma membrane | 5.55 | 1.65E-05 | |||||
| cell surface | 3.02 | 5.06E-03 | |||||
| side of membrane | 4.54 | 1.62E-05 | |||||
| plasma membrane signaling receptor complex | 5.35 | 1.61E-02 | 5.29 | 4.69E-03 | |||
| receptor complex | 3.7 | 7.13E-03 | |||||
| external side of plasma membrane | 3.57 | 1.39E-02 | |||||
| side of membrane | 3.4 | 2.21E-03 | |||||
| PANTHER Pathways | |||||||
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor pathway | 3.36 | 6.01E-02 | |||||
| Wnt signaling pathway | 3.69 | 2.48E-02 | 3.16 | 3.02E-02 | |||
| PANTHER GO-Slim Molecular Function | |||||||
| cytokine receptor activity | 7.55 | 3.82E-02 | |||||
| cytokine binding | 6.93 | 4.41E-02 | |||||
| PANTHER GO-Slim Biological Process | |||||||
| positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration | 7.17 | 1.12E-02 | |||||
| regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration | 6.02 | 2.23E-02 | |||||
| Wnt signaling pathway | 6.02 | 4.95E-02 | 6.12 | 1.04E-02 | |||
| cell-cell signaling by wnt | 5.96 | 4.38E-02 | 6.06 | 9.58E-03 | |||
| cell surface receptor signaling pathway involved in cell-cell signaling | 6.3 | 2.21E-02 | 6.23 | 3.92E-03 | |||
| cell surface receptor signaling pathway | 3.19 | 6.92E-04 | |||||
| transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway | 6.39 | 2.20E-02 | |||||
| enzyme linked receptor protein signaling pathway | 4.1 | 1.45E-02 | |||||
| cellular response to growth factor stimulus | 6.2 | 1.32E-02 | |||||
| response to growth factor | 6.2 | 1.44E-02 | |||||
| negative regulation of signal transduction | 4.47 | 1.59E-02 | |||||
| negative regulation of signaling | 4.29 | 1.29E-02 | |||||
| PANTHER GO-Slim Cellular Component | |||||||
| external side of plasma membrane | 6.18 | 1.70E-03 | |||||
| side of membrane | 4.75 | 3.88E-03 | |||||
| cell surface | 3.91 | 2.28E-02 | |||||
| leaflet of membrane bilayer | 4.75 | 2.58E-03 | |||||
| dendritic spine | 11.11 | 6.26E-02 | |||||
| neuron spine | 11.11 | 5.36E-02 | |||||
| down-regulated genes | |||||||
| Classification | male | female | |||||
| fold enrichment | p-value* | fold enrichment | p-value* | ||||
| GO biological process complete | |||||||
| DNA-dependent DNA replication | 10.86 | 5.95E-03 | |||||
| DNA replication | 11.21 | 1.53E-04 | |||||
| cell division | 9.07 | 4.87E-04 | |||||
| chromosome segregation | 6.45 | 1.36E-02 | |||||
| mitotic cell cycle process | 5.85 | 4.04E-04 | |||||
| mitotic cell cycle | 5.09 | 1.42E-03 | |||||
| cell cycle | 4.23 | 1.88E-04 | |||||
| cell cycle process | 4.7 | 7.27E-05 | |||||
| cellular response to cytokine stimulus | 4.05 | 2.05E-02 | |||||
| immune response | 3.26 | 2.98E-02 | |||||
| response to molecule of fungal origin | |||||||
| response to external biotic stimulus | 5.59 | 8.06E-22 | |||||
| response to biotic stimulus | 5.54 | 9.15E-22 | |||||
| pentose-phosphate shunt, non-oxidative branch | 46.08 | 1.14E-02 | |||||
| pentose-phosphate shunt | 34.13 | 3.29E-04 | |||||
| glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process | 19.4 | 3.85E-04 | |||||
| NADPH regeneration | 30.72 | 4.57E-04 | |||||
| NADP metabolic process | 18.43 | 4.70E-04 | |||||
| type I interferon signaling pathway | 36.86 | 2.65E-05 | |||||
| cellular response to type I interferon | 39.1 | 2.01E-06 | |||||
| response to type I interferon | 30.72 | 7.97E-07 | |||||
| innate immune response | 6.94 | 2.61E-14 | |||||
| defense response to other organism | 6.54 | 1.73E-19 | |||||
| defense response | 5.43 | 3.96E-20 | |||||
| immune response | 4.6 | 3.69E-15 | |||||
| immune system process | 3.93 | 2.01E-20 | |||||
| cytokine-mediated signaling pathway | 3.89 | 3.11E-03 | |||||
| interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway | 36.86 | 1.64E-02 | |||||
| cytidine to uridine editing | 30.72 | 2.17E-02 | |||||
| response to peptidoglycan | 26.33 | 2.93E-02 | |||||
| regulation of ribonuclease activity | 26.33 | 2.92E-02 | |||||
| detection of other organism | 23.63 | 9.83E-04 | |||||
| detection of external biotic stimulus | 21.94 | 1.26E-03 | |||||
| positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response | 21.94 | 1.24E-03 | |||||
| regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response | 11.89 | 2.82E-03 | |||||
| negative regulation of viral genome replication | 21.59 | 4.67E-10 | |||||
| regulation of viral genome replication | 14.01 | 3.33E-08 | |||||
| negative regulation of viral life cycle | 16.3 | 7.79E-09 | |||||
| response to interferon-alpha | 20.48 | 4.65E-02 | |||||
| cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway | 20.48 | 4.63E-02 | |||||
| negative regulation of interleukin-10 production | 18.9 | 1.12E-02 | |||||
| defense response to protozoan | 18.9 | 4.10E-16 | |||||
| defense response to virus | 17.55 | 4.10E-16 | |||||
| positive regulation of interleukin-6 production | 14.18 | 1.55E-05 | |||||
| positive regulation of interleukin-8 production | 12.93 | 2.91E-02 | |||||
| positive regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process | 12.8 | 8.02E-03 | |||||
| regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway | 12.71 | 2.11E-03 | |||||
| lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway | 11.81 | 1.08E-02 | |||||
| toll-like receptor signaling pathway | 12.71 | 9.38E-04 | |||||
| activation of MAPKK activity | 10.97 | 1.35E-02 | |||||
| positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production | 9.83 | 5.88E-04 | |||||
| regulation of erythrocyte differentiation | 9.6 | 2.05E-02 | |||||
| positive regulation of chemokine production | 9.03 | 2.52E-02 | |||||
| regulation of defense response to virus | 8.19 | 1.30E-02 | |||||
| granulocyte chemotaxis | 7.06 | 2.05E-02 | |||||
| positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity | |||||||
| GO molecular function complete | |||||||
| single-stranded DNA helicase activity | 28.58 | 4.55E-02 | |||||
| DNA helicase activity | 12.58 | 1.87E-02 | |||||
| DNA-dependent ATPase activity | 9.31 | 1.83E-02 | |||||
| ATPase activity | 4.75 | 5.42E-03 | |||||
| immune receptor activity | 8.51 | 2.54E-02 | |||||
| cytokine binding | 7.85 | 3.11E-02 | |||||
| microtubule binding | 6.03 | 9.52E-03 | |||||
| 2’-5’-oligoadenylate synthetase activity | 46.08 | 2.81E-02 | |||||
| pattern recognition receptor activity | 20.48 | 2.48E-02 | |||||
| double-stranded RNA binding | 8.11 | 1.55E-02 | |||||
| GO cellular component complete | |||||||
| replication fork protection complex | 44.46 | 1.83E-02 | |||||
| Midbody | 7.69 | 2.74E-02 | |||||
| Spindle | 5.83 | 8.50E-03 | |||||
| external side of plasma membrane | 5.49 | 8.90E-03 | |||||
| PANTHER Pathways | |||||||
| Pentose phosphate pathway | 24.57 | 9.35E-03 | |||||
| Toll receptor signaling pathway | 5.76 | 4.89E-02 | |||||
| PANTHER GO-Slim Molecular Function | |||||||
| cytokine receptor activity | 9.95 | 1.06E-01 | |||||
| cytokine binding | 9.14 | 5.16E-02 | |||||
| PANTHER GO-Slim Biological Process | |||||||
| cell motility | 4.61 | 4.35E-02 | |||||
| localization of cell | 4.61 | 5.80E-02 | |||||
| organelle fission | 4.45 | 5.31E-02 | |||||
| cell cycle | 3.81 | 1.03E-01 | |||||
| defense response to virus | 24.57 | 6.97E-10 | |||||
| negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion | 14.46 | 3.79E-02 | |||||
| regulation of T cell proliferation | 12.93 | 5.16E-02 | |||||
| T cell proliferation | 12.93 | 4.89E-02 | |||||
| regulation of multi-organism process | 9.64 | 6.40E-04 | |||||
| RNA phosphodiester bond hydrolysis | 8.3 | 4.80E-02 | |||||
| PANTHER Protein Class | |||||||
| Apolipoprotein | 21.34 | 1.18E-02 | |||||
| basic leucine zipper transcription factor | 13.03 | 5.87E-04 | |||||
Using the differentially expressed genes (DEG) from irradiated male and female rhesus macaque, a classification of overrepresented and underrepresented genes coding, e.g., biological processes or protein classes, was conducted using the bioinformatic tool PANTHER (http://www.pantherdb.org; version 15) which comprises Gene Ontology (GO) annotations directly imported from the GO database. Based on the comparison of observed vs expected numbers of upregulated or downregulated genes (reference database was Macaca mulatta) a fold enrichment in the number of genes annotated to this process and a corresponding p value (False Discovery Rate (FDR) corrected) was calculated. Numbers highlighted in grey refer to processes that were similar between male and female rhesus macaque.