Table 5.

Modified Kirkpatrick Framework of Educational Outcomes (Barrett et al., 2014)

Kirkpatrick Rating	Description
Level 1 - learners’ reaction to the educational intervention	All studies that include assessments of learners’ views of their own learning experience and/or satisfaction with the educational intervention.
Level 2a - change of attitudes/perceptions	All studies that include assessments of learners’ change in attitudes or perceptions from the educational experience.
Level 2b - change of knowledge and/or skills	All studies that include assessments of learners’ change in knowledge (concepts, rationale, and principles of cultural competence) or skills (intercultural communication, patient interviewing, and treatment negotiation) from the educational experience.
Level 3a - self-reported behavioral change	All studies that include learners’ self-reported change in behavior (applying knowledge and skills) based on the educational experience.
Level 3b - observed behavioral change	All studies that include assessments of observed changes in learners’ behavior (applying knowledge and skills) based on the educational experience.
Level 4a - changes in professional practice	All studies that assess how educational experiences led to changes in care delivery or healthcare practice.
Level 4b - benefits to patients	All studies that assess how patients benefited directly from the educational experience.