Figure 2.

With increased energy storage and free fatty acid (FFA) cargo, white adipocytes undergo abnormal expansion, which results in hypoxia and remodeling-induced senescence. Hypoxia and senescence initiate and sustain chronic low-grade inflammation. Under these conditions, adipocytes experience endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Dysfunctional adipocytes also secrete inflammatory cytokines at the expense of production of protective adipokines, such as adiponectin. Noteworthy, inflamed adipose depots also express anti-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-10 and IL-19, whose role in the overall regulation of the immunometabolic response of adipose tissue remains largely unexplored.