Table 1.

Description of the included studies.

Study (reference)	Study design	Location	Sample size; population	Average age (years)	Female (%)	Sampling	Intervention app or tool	Analysis
Alpert et al (2016) [39]	Qualitative	United States	31 patient interviews; 2 focus groups of 13 health care professionals	Not reported (range 18-79)	58	Convenience	My preventative care patient portal	Critical incident technique
Baier et al (2015) [40]	Qualitative	United States	13 home health consumers; 28 case managers	71% ≥65 years; mean not reported	85	Convenience	Home health web-based app user interface	Content analysis
Irizarry et al (2017) [44]	Mixed methods	United States	100 older adults in phone survey, 23 in focus group	Focus group: 73; phone survey: 77	Focus group: 52.2%; phone survey: 46.2%	Convenience	Patient portal	Thematic analysis, Kruskal Wallis rank test, chi-square test
Jongstra et al (2017) [43]	Pilot RCTa	Western Europe	41 older adults with elevated CVDb risk	69	56	Random	Web-based app (HATICE) for older adults with CVD risk	Descriptive statistical analysis
Loh et al (2018) [37]	Qualitative	United States	18 older adults with malignancy; 13 caregivers	Patient: 77; caregiver: 70	Patient: 17; caregiver: 92	Convenience	TouchStream app to deliver geriatric oncology interventions	Conventional content analysis
Nahm et al (2019) [41]	RCT	United States	272 older adults with chronic disease	70	70.2	Convenience	Theory-based patient portal e-learning program	Linear mixed model, t test, chi-square test
Portz et al (2019) [38]	Qualitative	United States	24 older adults with chronic disease	78	71	Stratified	Kaiser permanente colorado’s patient portal—my health manager	Theoretical analysis based on the technology acceptance model
Smallwood et al (2017) [42]	Pilot RCT	United States	50 older women with BMDc indicating osteopenia or osteoporosis	Median 79 years; mean not reported	100	Stratified	Decision aid within patient portal for osteoporosis	ANOVA, t test, chi-square test
Toscos et al (2016) [45]	Quasi-experimental controlled	United States	200 patients with significant CADd	Average age not reported; 58% older than 66 years	27.5	Not reported	Personal health record	Linear regression, t test, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test

^aRCT: randomized controlled trial.

^bCVD: cardiovascular disease.

^cBMD: bone mineral density.

^dCAD: coronary artery disease.