Table 2.

Instrument items.

Construct			Items		References
Dependent variable
	Intention to use	It is my intention to use mobile applications in caregiving activities. I plan to use mobile apps to manage my care-receiver’s health status in the next 3 months. I am likely to learn about using mobile apps in caregiving activities.		Venkatesh et al [46]
Threat appraisal
	Vulnerability	My care-receiver can be subjected to a sudden change in health condition. My care-receiver is at risk for getting health threats. It is possible that my care-receiver will contract health threats. It is likely that my care-receiver requires an urgent care. It is likely that my care-receiver will contract health threats.		Witte [45]
	Severity	If my care-receiver faces an unexpected health problem, it would be serious. I believe that threats to my care-receiver’s health are severe. I believe that threats to my care-receiver’s health are serious. I believe that threats to my care-receiver’s health are significant.		Witte [45]
Coping appraisal
	Response efficacy	Mobile apps will help me manage medication for my care-receiver. Mobile apps serve as an effective disease reference and caregiving adviser. Mobile apps enable me to keep a log of medical information for my care-receiver. Mobile apps work in preventing health threats due to mismanagement of medications. Using mobile apps is effective in monitoring my care-receiver’s health condition remotely (eg, heart rate, oxygen level, or other vital signs). If I use mobile apps in my caregiving activities, my care-receiver is less likely to get health threats due to mismanagement of medications.		Witte [45]
	Self-efficacy	I feel confident using mobile health applications for my caregiving activities. I am able to use mobile apps. Mobile apps are easy to use. Using mobile apps is convenient.		Witte [45]
	Perceived self-autonomy	In my caregiving activities, I can decide which mobile apps I want to use. In my caregiving activities, I have a say regarding what mobile apps I want to use. I feel that I will use mobile apps for caregiving purposes because I want to. I feel a certain freedom of action in my caregiving activities. I have some choice in what I want to do in my caregiving activities.		Deci et al [47]