Table 1.
Two-Generation Mobility Transition Matrices and Gross Reproduction Rates
| Father’s Occupation | Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR) | Historical Social Mobility Son’s Occupation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Total | N | ||
| 1. Upper nonmanual | 2.6 | 31.1 | 32.2 | 8.0 | 20.9 | 7.8 | 100.0 | 8,564 |
| 2. Lower nonmanual | 2.4 | 23.6 | 44.9 | 8.8 | 17.7 | 5.0 | 100.0 | 3,575 |
| 3. Upper manual | 2.6 | 10.0 | 21.6 | 24.1 | 36.4 | 7.9 | 100.0 | 9,609 |
| 4. Lower manual | 2.6 | 7.7 | 15.8 | 9.8 | 58.6 | 8.1 | 100.0 | 13,306 |
| 5. Farming | 3.1 | 7.0 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 9.2 | 78.5 | 100.0 | 43,079 |
| N | 8,514 | 9,806 | 5,656 | 17,684 | 36,473 | 78,133 | ||
| Father’s Occupation | Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR) | Contemporary Social Mobility from PSID Son’s Occupation | ||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Total | N | ||
| 1. Upper nonmanual | 1.5 | 38.5 | 22.5 | 22.5 | 14.9 | 1.5 | 100.0 | 910 |
| 2. Lower nonmanual | 1.4 | 24.1 | 28.8 | 26.2 | 20.3 | 0.6 | 100.0 | 473 |
| 3. Upper manual | 1.4 | 16.7 | 21.5 | 38.6 | 22.2 | 1.0 | 100.0 | 1,473 |
| 4. Lower manual | 1.4 | 12.7 | 22.0 | 33.2 | 30.1 | 2.1 | 100.0 | 1,024 |
| 5. Farming | 1.6 | 13.4 | 10.7 | 37.8 | 20.2 | 17.9 | 100.0 | 262 |
| N | 875 | 911 | 1,337 | 920 | 99 | 4,142 | ||
Source: IPUMS Linked Representative Samples, 1850–1930 (final data release June 2010); Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1968–2015.
Notes: The two-generation transition matrices show percentages converted from mobility probabilities, e.g., ; namely, the son of a father in social position i ends up in position j (see equation (1)).