. 2021 Jul 21;226(1):68–89.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.07.009

Table 3.

Subgroup analyses for the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and preeclampsia

Subgroup	Number of studies	SARS-CoV-2 infection	No SARS-CoV-2 infection	Pooled odds ratio (95% CI)	I², %
Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Asymptomatic	6⁹⁰^,⁹⁵^,¹⁰⁵^,¹⁰⁷^,¹¹¹^,¹¹⁵	63/1206	246/6135	1.59 (1.21–2.10)	0
Symptomatic	7⁹⁰^,⁹³^,⁹⁵^,¹⁰⁵^,¹⁰⁷^,¹¹¹^,¹¹⁵	84/1497	250/6268	2.11 (1.59–2.81)	0
Study design
Prospective cohort	14⁹⁰^,⁹³^,⁹⁵^,⁹⁶^,99, 101^,¹⁰³^,105, 106, 107^,¹¹¹^,¹¹³^,¹¹⁵	255/4471	430/9504	1.69 (1.42–2.01)	0
Retrospective cohort	10⁸⁸^,⁸⁹^,⁹¹^,⁹⁷^,⁹⁸^,¹⁰²^,108, 109, 110^,¹¹²	114/848	1070/23,512	1.98 (1.56–2.52)	0
Cross- sectional	2¹⁰⁴^,¹¹⁴	703/9907	35,669/738,619	1.43 (1.22–1.67)	65
Study of the association
As primary aim	4⁹⁸^,¹⁰⁸^,¹¹²^,¹¹⁵	107/1048	317/4108	1.81 (1.41–2.33)	0
As secondary aim	2288, 89, 90, 91^,⁹³^,95, 96, 97^,99, 107^,109, 110, 111^,¹¹³^,¹¹⁴	965/14,178	36,852/767,527	1.61 (1.41–1.83)	20
Control for confounding factors
Yes	14⁸⁸^,⁸⁹^,⁹³^,⁹⁶^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰⁴^,¹⁰⁵^,¹⁰⁸^,110, 111, 112^,¹¹⁴^,¹¹⁵	923/13,083	36,135/755,346	1.43 (1.33–1.54)	0
No	12⁹⁰^,⁹¹^,⁹⁵^,97, 100^,¹⁰³^,¹⁰⁶^,¹⁰⁷^,¹⁰⁹^,¹¹³	149/2143	1034/16,289	1.98 (1.49–2.64)	25
Geographic location
North America	12⁹⁰^,⁹¹^,⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰³^,¹⁰⁴^,108, 109, 110, 111, 112	719/7625	28,192/414,376	1.67 (1.38–2.02)	26
Europe	6⁸⁸^,⁹⁵^,¹⁰⁵^,¹⁰⁷^,¹¹³^,¹¹⁴	249/6381	8782/343,871	1.52 (1.31–1.75)	0
Asia	5⁸⁹^,⁹³^,⁹⁷^,¹⁰⁰^,¹⁰⁶	26/291	102/11,395	3.65 (1.92–6.96)	0
Latin America	2⁹⁶^,¹⁰²	19/204	29/534	1.77 (0.96–3.28)	0
Multiple regions	1¹¹⁵	59/25	64/1459	1.93 (1.34–2.78)	NA
Sample size
<200	6⁹³^,⁹⁷^,99, 101^,¹⁰⁶	34/299	29/516	2.90 (1.65–5.09)	0
200–999	7⁸⁸^,⁹⁰^,⁹⁶^,¹⁰²^,108, 109, 110	78/663	122/2237	1.94 (1.42–2.65)	0
1000–5000	9⁹⁵^,⁹⁸^,¹⁰³^,¹⁰⁵^,¹⁰⁷^,111, 112, 113^,¹¹⁵	243/4215	598/10,559	1.62 (1.36–1.92)	20
>5000	4⁸⁹^,⁹¹^,¹⁰⁴^,¹¹⁴	717/10,049	36,420/758,323	1.50 (1.25–1.80)	53
Test used for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection
RT-PCR	1788, 89, 90, 91^,96, 102^,¹⁰⁵^,¹⁰⁹^,111, 112, 113^,¹¹⁵	299/4744	1278/29,168	1.79 (1.53–2.10)	0
RT-PCR or antigens	2¹⁰⁸^,¹¹⁰	35/189	33/269	1.63 (0.95–2.78)	0
Antibodies in serum	3⁹⁵^,¹⁰³^,¹⁰⁷	18/265	178/3352	1.46 (0.87–2.44)	0
Mixed or unclear	4⁹³^,¹⁰⁴^,¹⁰⁶^,¹¹⁴	720/10,028	35,680/738,846	1.50 (1.23–1.84)	56
Timing of the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection
At any time during pregnancy	12⁸⁹^,⁹¹^,⁹³^,⁹⁷^,¹⁰⁰^,¹⁰⁵^,¹⁰⁶^,108, 109, 110^,¹¹³^,¹¹⁵	224/3822	945/24,340	1.80 (1.47–2.21)	4
At admission for delivery	14⁸⁸^,⁹⁰^,⁹⁵^,⁹⁶^,⁹⁸^,⁹⁹^,101, 102, 103, 104^,¹⁰⁷^,¹¹¹^,¹¹²^,¹¹⁴	848/11,404	36,224/747,295	1.49 (1.35–1.66)	9

Data are presented as n/N.

CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; RT-PCR, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Conde-Agudelo. Association between SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022.