Table 3.2. Risk classification for exercise training in cardiac patients.

Low risk	Moderate risk	High risk
LVEF > 50% No complex arrhythmias No symptoms of congestive HF No angina upon exertion or in the recovery period No severe or moderate valve injury Functional capacity ≥ 7 METS	LVEF: 40% to 49% Signs/symptoms, including moderate angina during exercise (5 to 6.9 METS) or in the recovery period Moderate valve injury	LVEF < 40% cardiac arrest or sudden death survivors Complex ventricular arrhythmias at rest or during exercise Severe valve disease Uncorrected congenital heart disease Functional capacity < 5 METSIschemic ST-segment depression during exercise > 2 mm

LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; METS: metabolic equivalents.